Damage to buds and shoots of coniferous woody plants.

This chapter describes and illustrates the damage types (including the possible damaging agents) to buds and shoots of coniferous woody plants: abiotic damage (heat or freezing temperatures during growth season, frost and ice glaze, hail storms, misapplied fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, salts, or adverse soil conditions (nutrient imbalance), air pollutants, desiccation), shoot blight and dieback (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota), shoot and/or bud borer damage (insects), sap-feeder damage (insects), fungal growth on surface, shoot galling (insects), shoot and/or bud external feeding (insects), feeding by mammals or birds.