Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine)
Datasheet Type: Invasive species
Abstract
This datasheet on Anredera cordifolia covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis
- Preferred Common Name
- Madeira vine
- Other Scientific Names
- Boussingaultia cordasta Spreng.
- Boussingaultia cordifolia Ten.
- Boussingaultia gracilis Miers
- International Common Names
- Englishbasell-potatoesbridal wreathlamb's tailsmignonette vinepotato vine
- Spanishanrederaenredadera del mosquitoparra de madeira
- Local Common Names
- Chile/Easter Islandluna luna
- Chinaluo kui shu
- Cook Islandspiatapau
- Indonesiabinahong
- Niuefilikafa
- South AfricaMadeiraranker
- Swedenmadeiraranka
- USAheartleaf madeiravine
- USA/Hawaii'uala hupe
Pictures

Habit
Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine, mignonette vine, uala hupe); typical habit, climbing and smothering native vegetation. Ulupalakua, Maui, Hawaii, USA. July, 2001.
©Forest & Kim Starr-2001 - CC BY 3.0

Leaves
Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine, mignonette vine, uala hupe); leaves. Lanai City, Lanai, Hawaii, USA. April, 2007.
©Forest & Kim Starr-2007 - CC BY 3.0

Leaves
Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine, mignonette vine, uala hupe); close-up of leaves. Lanai City, Lanai, Hawaii, USA. April, 2007.
©Forest & Kim Starr-2007 - CC BY 3.0

Flowers
Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine, mignonette vine, uala hupe); flowers. Poko, Maui, Hawaii, USA. October, 2001.
©Forest & Kim Starr-2007 - CC BY 3.0

Flowers
Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine, mignonette vine, uala hupe); close-up of flowers. Poko, Maui, Hawaii, USA. October, 2001.
©Forest & Kim Starr-2007 - CC BY 3.0
Summary of Invasiveness
A. cordifolia is a succulent climbing plant native to South America that has proved to be very invasive in several countries where introduced, notably in Australia and on Pacific islands but also elsewhere. It smothers ground vegetation and, with its fleshy leaves and production of thick aerial tubers, it is so heavy that it easily breaks branches and can even bring down whole trees. It has shown itself to be a very damaging weed in moist forests, blanketing the ground and enveloping the canopy, restricting light and preventing the germination of native plants. A. cordifolia has been variously described as a ‘devastating weed’ that can ‘destroy a rainforest’. It has proved very difficult to control, but recent advances with biological control have shown potential following the release of the first agent in Australia in 2011.
Taxonomic Tree
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
The genus Anredera Juss. is in the small family Basellaceae, which contains only three other genera, all monospecific: Basella L., Tournonia Moq. and Ullucus Caldas. The Plant list (2013) includes 12 species of Anredera, though only four are noted in USDA-ARS (2013), all native to the Americas.
A. cordifolia has two recognized subspecies, A. cordifolia subsp. cordifolia and A. cordifolia subsp. gracilis, differentiated by vegetative morphology, occurrence of fruit with seed production, pollen grain size and exine sculpture, and ploidy level (Xifreda et al., 1999).
The common name of madeira vine is also sometimes used with other species of the genus, though none are native to the island of Madeira. The name is also occasionally used with a specific epithet to differentiate between them; for example, A. cordifolia is called heartleaf madeiravine in parts of the USA where Texas madeiravine is used for A.vesicaria (Lam.) C.F. Gaertn. (USDA-NRCS, 2013).
Plant Type
Succulent
Herbaceous
Vine / climber
Perennial
Broadleaved
Vegetatively propagated
Woody
Description
Adapted from Starr et al. (2003) and PIER (2013):
A. cordifolia is a perennial evergreen climbing vine or liana that grows from fleshy rhizomes. Stems are slender, climbing to 3-6 m in height in a single growing season, often reddish in colour. Oval or heart-shaped leaves are bright green and shiny, 2-13 cm long and 1-11 cm wide, broadly ovate, often involute, sometimes lanceolate, scarcely succulent to succulent according to degree of exposure, margins often turned inwards, base subcordate or cordate; apex obtuse, subsessile or with a petiole 1-(2) cm long, commonly with small irregular tubers in their axils. The potato-like tubers, produced on aerial stems covered in warts, are specific and typical in identifying the plant, but can grow to 25 cm in diameter. Masses of fragrant, cream flowers occur on simple or 2-4-branched racemes, pendent to 18cm cm long excluding the common peduncle, up to 30 cm including it, with numerous small, white, fragrant flowers. Pedicels are 2-3 mm long, bracts 1.5-1.8 mm long and lanceolate-subulate. Lower bracteoles are 0.5-1 mm long and cupulate, with upper bracteoles 2-2.5 mm long and suborbicular. The five tepals are 2-3 mm long and elliptic-oblong to broadly elliptic. Filaments are narrow-triangular, widely divergent, bending outwards near base, with a single style shorter than the stamens and clavate.
Distribution
A. cordifolia is native to a relatively small area of central and eastern South America, including Bolivia, southern Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Federal District, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, and Tucuman) (USDA-ARS, 2013).
It has been introduced globally, including to China, Japan, India, Israel, parts of Africa, USA, Mexico, the Caribbean, Australia and New Zealand and surrounding islands. It has shown itself to be adaptable to Mediterranean, sub-tropical and tropical climates, and has become invasive especially in Oceania and Africa (Cagnotti et al., 2007).
Distribution Map
Distribution Table
History of Introduction and Spread
A. cordifolia was first collected in Hawaii in 1940 but is believed to have been introduced during the early 1900s (Wagner et al. 1999). A. cordifolia was recorded in the early 1900s as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks in south Croatia, where it is reported to have escaped from cultivation and become naturalized along roadsides and in ruderal vegetation, but is not invasive (Stancic and Mihelj, 2010).
Risk of Introduction
A risk assessment of A. cordifolia in the Pacific region resulted in a very high risk score of 20. It is a declared noxious weed in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Hawaii.
Gallagher et al. (2010) described littoral rainforest reserves in eastern Australia as a bioclimatically suitable habitat for A. cordifolia under both current and future climate scenarios.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
A. cordifolia spreads by vegetative growth. It is dispersed by the movement of both tubers and rhizomes, which spread longer distances by being washed down waterways and, being tolerant to saltwater, also along shorelines in coastal areas (Starr et al., 2003; PIER, 2013).
It is also spread by people by being intentionally introduced to new areas as an ornamental and landscape plant. It can readily escape from cultivation as a vine, spreading vegetatively via pieces of rhizome and stem tubers. Plants can also spread in green waste, especially when dumped on bushland edges (Starr et al. 2003; PIER, 2013).
Pathway Causes
Pathway cause | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Escape from confinement or garden escape (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
Flooding and other natural disasters (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
Garden waste disposal (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
Habitat restoration and improvement (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes | ||
Landscape improvement (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes | ||
Ornamental purposes (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
Pathway vector | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities (pathway vector) | Yes | |||
Floating vegetation and debris (pathway vector) | Yes | |||
Water (pathway vector) | Yes |
Habitat
Anredera species are typically found in dry scrub and thickets in its native South America (Starr et al., 2003). Where it is an exotic invasive species, A. cordifolia is found in natural forests, planted forests, riparian zones, waste land, scrub areas and coastland. In Australia it is found invading the edges of rainforest, tall open forests, damp sclerophyll forests and riparian vegetation, whereas in New Zealand it is common in waste land, coastal gulleys and scrubland (PEIR, 2013). It is found invading habitats similar to the above in some Pacific islands, but in other islands it remains commonly cultivated and, although noted to escape often, only rarely becomes naturalized. In South Africa, A. cordifolia has also escaped from gardens and is invasive in coastal areas, woodland and open spaces inland (Starr et al., 2003).
Gallagher et al. (2010) investigated the potential interactions between climate change and exotic plant invasions and their effects on areas of high conservation value in eastern Australia, with A. cordifolia one of five vines studied. Littoral rainforest reserves were consistently predicted to provide bioclimatically suitable habitat for the five vines examined under both current and future climate scenarios, and the consequences and potential strategies for managing exotic plant invasions in these protected areas in the coming decades was assessed.
Habitat List
Category | Sub category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Biology and Ecology
Genetics
The two infraspecific taxa in A. cordifolia are reported to be cytotaxonomically distinct (Xifreda et al., 1999), with A. cordifolia subsp. gracilis having 2n = 24 and A. cordifolia subsp. cordifolia having a higher ploidy level of 2n = 36.
Reproductive Biology
A. cordifolia reproduces mainly through the proliferation of aerial and underground tubers and stem and rhizome fragments. Stems bear thousands of aerial tubers which form clusters high in the vine, and underground tubers, which may be football-sized, grow on rhizomes up to a metre deep. Aerial tubers can survive and resprout for more than five years in the canopy after the stems have been cut, and high densities of more than 1500 tubers per square metre have been reported in the soil (Starr et al., 2003). However, A. cordifolia is only rarely reported to produce seed (PIER, 2013).
The chromosome numbers of the two subspecies reported by Xifreda et al. (1999) indicated that either they have separate base chromosome numbers – unlikely in subspecies of a single species – or that A. cordifolia subsp. cordifolia is in fact a sterile triploid that cannot produce fertile seeds and can only propagate vegetatively.
Starr et al. (2003) reported that A. cordifolia has both male and female flowers but that they rarely reproduce sexually and produce seed, and not at all in Hawaii (Wagner et al., 1999), suggesting that it is A. cordifolia subsp. cordifolia present there.
Seedling production was observed in Australia for the first time in south-eastern Queensland by Swarbrick (1999), suggesting that this would be the fertile diploid A. cordifolia subsp. gracilis. Seedlings were found both below and away from existing clumps on several occasions and it was concluded that the possibility of seed production, seed dispersal and the building up of seed banks in the soil should be taken into account during management of A. cordifolia in this location. In New Zealand, flowering occurs from January to April but no fruiting was observed.
Physiology and Phenology
Starr et al. (2003) described the characteristics of A. cordifolia that contribute to its invasiveness, including a history of weediness in warm, moist climates, aggressive vegetative growth and climbing nature which competes with and replaces or smothers other vegetation, and difficulty of control once established. In warm climates, very rapid growth rates have been observed, up to 1 m extensions in shoot length per week and 3-6 m in a growing season (Starr et al., 2003).
Boyne et al. (2013) studied the anatomy and morphology traits of A. cordifolia leaves and considered their implications for the plant’s ecology and physiology. Significantly more stomata were observed on the abaxial sides of leaves under high light levels, which may account for its ability to fix large amounts of carbon and rapidly respond to light gaps. The leaves had very narrow veins and no sclerenchyma, suggesting a low construction cost that is associated with invasive plants. There was no significant difference in any traits among different cohorts, supporting the fact that A. cordifolia propagates almost entirely vegetatively (Boyne et al., 2013).
Environmental Requirements
A. cordifolia is native to warm temperate climates in South America with both wet and dry summers and areas with no dry season, but it has proved itself to be adaptable to other climates, and has become naturalized in Mediterranean, sub-tropical and tropical climates. Average annual rainfall in its native distribution is 500-2000 mm, and average temperatures are 20-35ºC in the southern summer in January and 10-30ºC in July.
Climate
Climate type | Description | Preferred or tolerated | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | Preferred | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | Preferred | |
B - Dry (arid and semi-arid) | < 860mm precipitation annually | Tolerated | |
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | Preferred | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | Preferred | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | Preferred |
Air Temperature
Parameter | Lower limit (°C) | Upper limit (°C) |
---|---|---|
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month | 20 | 35 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month | 10 | 30 |
Rainfall
Parameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 0 | 5 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 500 | 2000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Rainfall Regime
Summer
Winter
Uniform
Notes on Natural Enemies
Several reports have identified natural enemies of A. cordifolia, specific and generalist, such as a new virus in Hungary (and subsequently found in Argentina) identified as a member of the potex virus group and tentatively named Boussingaultia mosaic virus (Beczner and Vassanyi, 1980). There is also a leaf spot disease of A. cordifolia caused by A. alternata reported from Taiwan (Lai et al., 1996). For more information see Biological Control.
Impact Summary
Category | Impact |
---|---|
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Impact: Environmental
A. cordifolia has been variously described as a ‘devastating weed’ that can ‘destroy a rainforest’. It smothers ground vegetation and, with its fleshy leaves and production of thick aerial tubers, restricts light and prevents the germination of native plants. It is so heavy that it easily breaks branches, reducing trees to poles, and can even bring down whole trees and destroy whole forest canopies.
Of the 1,665 naturalized plant species assessed by Downey et al. (2010) for their threat and impact as environmental weeds in Australia, 340 species were modelled to establish a prioritized list. This process identified three extreme and 19 very high priority species with respect to their ability to have negative impacts on biodiversity. A. cordifolia was one of the three ‘extreme’ species (along with Lantana camara and Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata), although it was only ranked 41st in the determination of the Weeds of National Significance (Downey et al., 2010). Several years earlier, Batianoff et al. (2002; 2003) reported that A. cordifolia ranked fourth out of 66 priority environmental weeds in southeast Queensland in terms of the current level of impact and predicted future impact, with future impact data indicating that most species will be more problematic in the future than they are at present.
A. cordifolia was one of seven species that presented the greatest threat and also proved the most difficult to control on Raoul Island, New Zealand (along with Senna septemtrionalis, Caesalpinia decapetala, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata and Passiflora edulis) (West et al., 2003).
Risk and Impact Factors
Invasiveness
Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
Reproduces asexually
Has high genetic variability
Impact outcomes
Modification of successional patterns
Monoculture formation
Negatively impacts forestry
Negatively impacts tourism
Reduced amenity values
Reduced native biodiversity
Threat to/ loss of endangered species
Threat to/ loss of native species
Impact mechanisms
Competition - monopolizing resources
Competition - shading
Competition - smothering
Competition (unspecified)
Rapid growth
Likelihood of entry/control
Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Difficult/costly to control
Uses
The main use of A. cordifolia is as an ornamental plant and for landscaping purposes, being fast growing, with an interesting and aesthetic form, possessing fragrant white flowers, and being easily trained to twine up trellises, fences, or rock walls for decoration or for screening (Starr et al., 2003).
Extracts of plant parts are also widely used for traditional medicines in Indonesia and Thailand and possibly also in its native range.
Uses List
General > Ornamental
Environmental > Landscape improvement
Medicinal, pharmaceutical > Traditional/folklore
Prevention and Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural Control and Sanitary Measures
Starr et al. (2003) suggested that the public could be advised not to plant or spread plants to new areas, and that tubers and parts of the plant should be double bagged and thrown away in the refuse or piled in one location on site, but not disposed of in uninfected areas.
The primary aim of rainforest regeneration and measures that can be taken to replace weeds with native species were discussed by Joseph and Blackmore (1999), and the roles of manipulating the use of natural resources by the plants and of exploiting the natural regenerative capacity of native vegetation are highlighted. The goals of weed eradication and weed control including A. cordifolia are discussed, and the importance of using a management approach is emphasized (Joseph and Blackmore, 1999).
Physical/Mechanical Control
Physical control of A. cordifolia is very difficult. All parts of the vine must be removed, including underground tubers and vines climbing up trees to prevent them from resprouting. Placing a plastic sheet below the plant is recommended before any manual control begins to ensure that all falling parts of the plant, especially aerial tubers, can be gathered and safely removed (Starr et al., 2003).
Plants can be pulled up all year round, and then all parts of the plant should be burnt or put in black plastic bags and left to ‘cook’ in the sun. Plants parts should not be disposed of in the sea as they may sprout wherever they come ashore. Putting black sheeting as a mulch over cut areas has also been suggested to prevent regrowth (PIER, 2013). Follow-up herbicide treatments are more effective on young resprouts growing from fragments left in the ground following physical clearance, and before tubers have had the time to redevelop (see Chemical control).
However, long-term treatment is required in any case. Harden et al. (2004) noted that even after 15 years of treatments, aerial tubers of A. cordifolia were still held high on dead stems caught in the restored forest canopy in a few isolated areas, and some of these may have still retained the potential to resprout.
Chemical Control
A. cordifolia is hard to kill with chemicals due to its numerous tubers, succulent waxy leaves that limit herbicide uptake, and numerous roots (Starr et al., 2003). Repeat applications are always required, although they are especially effective on new resprouts following manual clearance. Timing of follow-up spraying is important because if left too long new underground tubers will form, thereby prolonging successful control. Pallin (2000) reported that that efforts have been made to annually apply herbicides using the ‘stem-scrape method’ in one site, killing vines and aerial tubers in situ and preventing the development of more tubers. A. cordifolia regrowth can be spot sprayed with herbicides where there are no native seedlings present, and although flooding brings in more tubers from upstream sources, this strategy almost eliminated the production of tubers and thus protected regenerating areas (Pallin, 2000).
Prior et al. (2001) found that repeat applications of fluroxypyr and glyphosate at 3-monthly intervals were equally effective in controlling all vine stems present at application, though fluroxypyr also significantly reduced the number of new stems in the months between applications. Prior and Armstrong (2001) favoured fluroxypyr treatments because at lower concentrations competitive grass species can also establish and then compete with A. cordifolia. Removal of competition through the use of the non-selective herbicide glyphosate may favour re-invasion from subterranean tubers, especially if applied at a time of year when translocation activity is not high. There appeared to be no preferential time for spraying. Model predictions indicated that monthly applications of fluroxypyr would be required to stabilize the population in the absence of recruitment of new individuals and subsequently reduce it at a rate dependent upon the mortality of the subterranean tuber bank (Prior et al., 2001).
Field trials in New Zealand showed mature vines and their attached tubers were best controlled using metsulfuron-methyl, with reasonable control provided by a triclopyr/picloram mixture and by glyphosate (Webb and Harrington, 2005). These also gave good control of 3-month-old plants, as did tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr and amitrole. Tubers were killed by immersing momentarily in high concentrations of picloram, triclopyr or fluroxypyr, but were also killed by freezing, by heating to 80°C or higher for 24 hours, or by boiling for a few minutes, but any pulverization techniques needed to be thorough (Webb and Harrington, 2005).
Biological Control
Research into biological control of A. cordifolia in South Africa was initiated in 2003 with exploratory observations on the life-history and host-specificity of two leaf-feeding beetles, Phenrica sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Brazil and Plectonycha correntina Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) from Argentina and Brazil (Westhuizen et al., 2011), though no agents had been released by that time. Adults and larvae of both chrysomelids fed extensively on leaves and new growth resulting in reductions in leaf and above-ground biomass. The laboratory host-ranges of these potential agents seem acceptably narrow, with normal development restricted to the host plant. The Phenrica sp. colony, however, died out during quarantine and re-collecting has not been possible, but host-specificity studies continue with P. correntina (Westhuizen et al., 2011).
Field surveys conducted in Argentina also showed that Plectonycha correntina was a promising biocontrol agent against A. cordifolia in Australia (Cagnotti et al., 2007). The host range was evaluated by no-choice larval survival tests and adult feeding and oviposition choice tests, with results indicating that the host range of P. correntina is restricted to the Basellaceae, with A. cordifolia as its primary host. Consequently, P. correntina was considered a safe and promising biocontrol agent for A. cordifolia in countries such as Australia and New Zealand where no other Basellaceae occur (Cagnotti et al., 2007). It was approved for release as a biological control agent in February 2011 (Snow et al., 2012), and subsequently mass reared and introduced into infestations in south-eastern Queensland from May 2011 onward. The insect successfully overwintered at 15 of the initial 29 sites, with adults, larvae and eggs being recorded. Post-winter releases over a further 79 sites in Queensland and New South Wales are indicating promising results, with insects being present and reproducing at 42% of sites in the following autumn. Damage levels at all sites were generally low, reflecting that this was the first year of releases. 20% loss of leaf area was estimated at two sites. Preliminary analysis of data indicated that establishment did not appear to be closely related to the number of insects released, so other factors such as season of release, light levels or density of predators may be important (Snow et al., 2012).
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Further research on genetic variation is needed, especially to confirm the ploidy levels of the two subspecies and their ability to reproduce by seed, as well as identifying the distribution of the subspecies, both in their native range and where they are introduced.
Links to Websites
Name | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
References
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Beczner L, Vassanyi R, 1980. Identification of a new potexvirus isolated from Boussingaultia cordifolia and B. gracilis f. pseudo-baselloides. Tagungsbericht der Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 65-75
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