Squalius cephalus (European chub)
Datasheet Types: Natural enemy, Invasive species
Abstract
This datasheet on Squalius cephalus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Preferred Common Name
- European chub
- Other Scientific Names
- Cyprinus albula Nardo, 1827
- Cyprinus cephalus Linnaeus, 1758
- Cyprinus chub Bonnaterre, 1788
- Cyprinus kietaibeli Reisinger, 1830
- Cyprinus kittaibeli Reisinger, 1830
- Cyprinus lugdunensis Walbaum, 1792
- Cyprinus orthonotus Hermann, 1804
- Cyprinus rufus Vallot, 1837
- Cyprinus salmoneus Gronow, 1854
- Leucalburnus kosswigi Karaman, 1972
- Leuciscus albiensis Valenciennes, 1844
- Leuciscus albus (non Bonaparte, 1838)
- Leuciscus brutius Costa, 1838
- Leuciscus cabeda Risso, 1827
- Leuciscus cabeda pamvoticus (non Stephanidis, 1939)
- Leuciscus cavedanus Bonaparte, 1838
- Leuciscus cephaloides Battalgil, 1942
- Leuciscus cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Leuciscus cephalus albus Bonaparte, 1838
- Leuciscus cephalus cabeda Risso, 1827
- Leuciscus cephalus cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Leuciscus cephalus macedonicus Karaman, 1955
- Leuciscus cephalus moreoticus (non Stephanidis, 1971)
- Leuciscus cephalus orientalis Nordmann, 1840
- Leuciscus cephalus orientalis aralychensis Barach, 1934
- Leuciscus cephalus orientalis ardebilicus Barach, 1934
- Leuciscus cephalus orientalis kaznakovi Berg, 1912
- Leuciscus cephalus orientalis thracica Drensky, 1930
- Leuciscus cephalus orientalis thracicus Drensky, 1930
- Leuciscus cephalus orientalis zangicus Barach, 1934
- Leuciscus cephalus ruffoi Bianco & Recchia, 1983
- Leuciscus cephalus wjatkensis Lukasch, 1925
- Leuciscus chub pictava De la Pylaie, 1835
- Leuciscus cii (non Richardson, 1857)
- Leuciscus fellowesii Günther, 1868
- Leuciscus frigidus Valenciennes, 1844
- Leuciscus latifrons Nilsson, 1855
- Leuciscus nothulus Bonaparte, 1841
- Leuciscus orientalis Nordmann, 1840
- Leuciscus orientalis pursakensis Hanko, 1924
- Leuciscus peloponensis (non Valenciennes, 1844)
- Leuciscus rissoi Schinz, 1840
- Leuciscus ruffoi Bianco & Recchia, 1983
- Leuciscus squalius Valenciennes, 1844
- Leuciscus svallize zrmanjae risae Vladykov & Petit, 1930
- Squalius agdamicus (non Kamensky, 1901)
- Squalius berak Heckel, 1843
- Squalius cephaloides (Battalgil, 1942)
- Squalius cephalopsis Heckel, 1843
- Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Squalius cephalus athurensis Roule & Cardaillac de Saint-Paul, 1903
- Squalius cephalus cavedanus prespensis Karaman, 1924
- Squalius cephalus vardarensis (non Karaman, 1928)
- Squalius clathratus Blanchard, 1866
- Squalius meridionalis Blanchard, 1866
- Squalius meunier Heckel, 1852
- Squalius orientalis (non Heckel, 1847)
- Squalius orientalis (Nordmann, 1840)
- Squalius pareti Bonaparte, 1841
- Squalius turcicus (non De Filippi, 1865)
- Squalius turcicus platycephala Kamenskii, 1897
- Squalus tyberinus Bonaparte, 1841
- International Common Names
- EnglishEnglish chubvardar chub
- Spanishbagre
- Frenchcabotchavassonchevainechevesnechovainejuègnemeuniermulet
- Russiangolavlgovali
- Local Common Names
- Albaniablyshiklenimëlyshi
- AustriaDöbel
- Belgiumkopvoornmeun
- Bulgariarechen cefalrechenclen
- Czech Republicdyblinkjelecklentloušt
- Denmarkalmindelig døbel
- Finlandturpa
- GermanyAitelAitelAlsertBreitschädelButtHässel
- Italycavedano
- NetherlandsKopvoornmeun
- Portugalescalo
- Spainbagra
- Swedenfärna
- Turkeykepeneztalisu kefali
- UKchubround chub, fat chub, chevin, pollard
Pictures
Adults
European chub (Squalius cephalus); captive adult fish on display. Subaqueous Vltava, Prague Czech Republic. April 2011.
Karel Jakubec, the copyright holder of this work, has released it into the public domain. This applies worldwide, where possible.
Summary of Invasiveness
The chub is a European freshwater cyprinid which has been reported as an invasive species in Italy and targeted for removal from a river system where introduced in Ireland. It is a long lived fish and has high mobility due to its pelagic condition. Humans may also facilitate its spread due to its value as a game or bait species in recreational fishing. It is also considered a valuable food resource in some regions, although the flesh is of poor quality (Dahl and Medem, 1964).
S. cephalus has ecological characteristics associated with invasiveness. It is omnivorous, and its food sources range from small (i.e. detritus, plants, invertebrates) to large (i.e. tadpoles, small fish) items. In addition it has high fecundity, fast growth rate, and is considered tolerant of anthropogenic pressures. However, there are few reports of impacts in its introduced range and indeed the changes in the taxonomic status of the species make it difficult to identify introduced populations.
Taxonomic Tree
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Squalius cephalus has long been considered to be widely distributed throughout most of Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula to the Urals, the Caspian Sea basin and central Iran. For a long time, many Squalius populations in the Mediterranean basin have attracted little attention and they have been uncritically identified as S. cephalus or dumped into a “S. cephalus complex” or “S. cephalus species group”.
Several peri-Mediterranean populations are now considered morphologically and genetically distinct enough to be considered valid species or subspecies. Some morphological characters may be difficult to identify in live fish and, in particular, in juveniles: therefore, genetic analysis is recommended for correct identification. The recent description of new species and the previous wide range of S. cephalus makes the identification of introduced populations in Europe difficult.
Description
The chub (S. cephalus) is a freshwater fish species (Cyprinidae family) that inhabits slow and moderate water flows from a wide range of European waters. It has 3 dorsal spines in total, 7-9 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines, 7-10 anal soft rays and 42-48 vertebrae. The mean size is 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed (Muus and Dahlström, 1968) and the maximum length reported is 60.0 cm SL male/unsexed (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007). The maximum age reported is 22 years (Wüstemann, 1995). The maximum published weight is 8.0 kg (Spillman, 1961).
Distribution
Froese and Pauly (2011) describe the distribution as Eurasia: North, Baltic, northern Black, White, Barents and Caspian Sea basins, Atlantic basins southward to Adour drainages (France), Great Britain north to 56°N. Scandinavia: southern Finland, Sweden north to about Stockholm. Mediterranean basin from Var to Hérault (possibly Aude) (France) drainages. Naturally absent from Italy and the Adriatic basin.
It is reported as introduced in Italy (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007) and Ireland (Caffrey et al., 2008).
Distribution Map
Distribution Table
History of Introduction and Spread
A few chub were found in the River Inny, Ireland, and are presumed to have been introduced intentionally by anglers in the late 1990s or early 2000s to improve the diversity of coarse angling species available. While relatively few were captured during a survey in 2006 (17 individuals), those examined were healthy and most were in spawning condition (Caffrey et al., 2008) and an eradication campaign was initiated. Bartley (2006) reported the introduction of Leuciscus cephalus [S. cephalus] to Italy but its origin was not determined. Other possible introductions of this fish species have not yet been reported: recent description of new species and previous wide range makes identification of introduced populations difficult (see Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature).
Introductions
| Introduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reasons | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
| Ireland | Around 2000 | No | No | |||||
| Italy | Yes | No | ||||||
Risk of Introduction
The chub is not of interest to the aquarium trade, but is considered a valuable food resource in some countries and also has interest as a game or bait fish species. Therefore, recreational fishing and interconnection of waterways represent the main pathways of introduction into new locations.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
S. cephalus is a potamodromous species. Migrations take place during the breeding season. It can cover more than 100 km (Riede, 2004). The latitude and longitude migration movements range from 10°W to 60°E and 64°N to 35°N, respectively.
Pathway Causes
| Pathway cause | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spread to Italy by unknown causes. Established through natural reproduction | Yes | |||
| Acclimatization societies (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
| Fisheries (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
| Intentional release (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
| Interbasin transfers (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
| Interconnected waterways (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
| Stocking (pathway cause) | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
| Pathway vector | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bait (pathway vector) | Yes | |||
| Land vehicles (pathway vector) | Yes | |||
| Livestock (pathway vector) | Yes |
Diagnosis
The similar morphological traits between species of the Squalius genus require the aid of specialists to distinguish between them. The combination of morphological and genetic traits may also be necessary to ensure proper identification (particularly in juvenile specimens) and this procedure may also allow detection of hybrids.
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Differs from its congeners in France, North, Baltic, Arctic, Black and Caspian Sea basins by possession of the following characteristics: dorsal profile with a well-marked discontinuity between head and trunk; a row of black pigments along free margin of each flank scale, forming a regular reticulate pattern, with no or very few pigments on central part of scales; anal and pelvic fins orange to red; dorsal fin with 8½ branched rays; anal fin with 8½ branched rays (rarely 9½); scales on lateral line 40-45 + 2-3; mouth terminal, with well-marked chin; lower jaw tip not included in the upper lip; interorbital distance 37-42% HL; postorbital distance 47-51% HL; eye diameter 17-22% HL, 1.5-2.3 times in snout length; body depth 22-27% SL; lower jaw long, length greater than depth of operculum; iris whitish; pharyngeal teeth 2,5-5,2; in stretched anal fin of individuals larger than about 15 cm SL, distance between tips of first and last branched rays usually greater than caudal peduncle depth. Size up to at least 600 mm SL (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Spillman, 1961).
Habitat
S. cephalus inhabits pools and tables from small to large rivers, and there are also populations described in lakes or reservoirs. Lake populations migrate to inflowing streams for spawning that preferably takes place in fast-flowing waters with gravel bottoms, rarely among submerged vegetation (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007).
Adults are usually solitary or occur in small swarms, whereas juveniles form large swarms. Adults are usually found in pools, whereas juveniles live in very shallow shoreline habitats (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007).
Habitat List
| Category | Sub category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freshwater | ||||
| Freshwater | Irrigation channels | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural | |
| Freshwater | Lakes | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural | |
| Freshwater | Reservoirs | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural | |
| Freshwater | Rivers / streams | Principal habitat | Natural | |
| Freshwater | Ponds | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Productive/non-natural | |
| Brackish |
Biology and Ecology
Genetics
Some genetic records were listed with the same values in the River Kupa, South Pyrenees, Yugoslavia and other unspecified localities. Haploid/gametic chromosome number (n) is 25, whereas diploid/Zygotic chromosome number (2n) is 50-50 (Al-Sabti, 1986; Klinkhardt et al., 1995; Arkhipchuk, 1999).
Reproductive Biology
Sokolov and Berdicheskii (1989) reported that spawning occurs in fast-flowing water above gravel bottom, rarely among submerged vegetation. Males reach sexual maturity at the age of 2-4 years whereas females reach it at 4-6. Maturity is influenced by environmental factors and some individuals may mature much later. Spawning takes place in May-August, when temperature rises above 14ºC. Multiple spawning is described during each breeding season. Males assemble at spawning sites and follow ripe females, often with much splashing, to shallow riffles. Females then lay sticky eggs into the gravel (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007). Pale yellow eggs are found attached to gravel, weed and stones in flowing water (Pinder, 2001). Billard (1997) also reported eggs added to plants.
Fecundity varies seasonally and geographically. The lowest value of fecundity (1158-2050 eggs) was detected in Turkey (Ünver, 1998; Ünlü and Balci, 1993) and the highest values (100,000 eggs) were detected in Europe (Vostradovsky, 1973). Maitland and Campbell. (1992) reported the same maximum values in Western Greece and Peloponnese.
Physiology and Phenology
Tolerant of anthropogenic impacts. Further studies are required.
Longevity
S. cephalus lives up to 15 years, females longer than males (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007). Maximum reported age is 22 years (Wüstemann, 1995)
Activity Patterns
Potamodromous species.
Population Size and Density
Abundant. Unknown population trend.
Nutrition
Feeds on a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals and plant material. Large individuals are predominantly piscivorous (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007). In the UK is recorded as feeding on worms, molluscs, crustaceans, and various insect larvae (Maitland and Campbell, 1992); large chub eat considerable numbers of small fish, such as chub, eels, dace, roach, gudgeon and minnows; also frogs, crayfish, voles and young water birds. Further information on natural food sources is as follows:
| Natural Food Sources | Life stage | Contribution to total food intake (%) |
Plants, benthic algae, weeds | 42.9% (28.3% algae, 14.6% macrophytes) | |
Nekton, fish juveniles (Anguilla anguilla, Gobio gobio, Leuciscus leuciscus, Phoxinus phoxinus, Rutilus rutilus) | Adult, broodstock | 28.3% (18.3% eel, 2.7% minnow, 1.8% bullhead, 1.3% grayling, 0.1% stickleback, 4.3% unid. fish) |
Zoobenthos, insects | Larvae | 11.8% (7% Caddis larvae, 0.4 % blackfly larvae and pupae, 0.2% stonefly larvae, 0.1% mayfly larvae, 0.1% mayfly larvae, 0.1% midge larvae) |
Zooplankton (crayfish), plankton, crustaceans | Larvae | 6.4% |
Detritus, debris | 4.8% | |
Detritus, carcasses | 3% (2.5% terrestrial organisms, 0.5% water vole) | |
Herpetofauna, toads, frogs | Adult, broodstock | 1.8% |
Zoobenthos, molluscs | 0.6% | |
Other benthonic invertebrates | Adult, broodstock | 0.4% |
Environmental Requirements
S. cephalus prefers slow-flowing waters. Although it is considered tolerant to anthropogenic perturbations, large animals may be particularly vulnerable to reduced water flow levels due to the pelagic conditions of the species. Detailed studies on environmental preferences to establish lower and upper tolerance values have not been published. A study performed on Iberian populations of S. laietanus (i.e. formerly S. cephalus) considers the species tolerant to poor water quality and physical habitat degradation gradients (Maceda-Veiga and De Sostoa, 2011).
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
| Latitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude lower (m) | Altitude upper (m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35-64 |
Natural enemy of
Notes on Natural Enemies
All piscivorous species are the chub’s natural enemies (e.g. birds, mammals, introduced and native piscivorous fish species).
Impact Summary
| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Economic/livelihood | Negative |
| Environment (generally) | Negative |
Impact: Environmental
The introduction of exotic species may cause hybridization with native species, predation, resource competition and agonistic behaviour with native species and/or the introduction of diseases. Chub does not represent a risk for humans but it may cause changes to ecosystems (i.e. altering food web structures) and it may predate on native species. The risk of hybridization is particularly important with closely related fish species, in particular with other members of the Squalius genus. Fertile hybrids with Alburnus alburnus have also been reported (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007). Studies on the effects of chub on native fish species are lacking.
Risk and Impact Factors
Impact outcomes
Altered trophic level
Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
Modification of natural benthic communities
Likelihood of entry/control
Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally
Difficult to identify/detect in the field
Difficult/costly to control
Uses
The chub is of no interest to the aquarium trade, but is considered a valuable food resource in some countries despite poor quality of the flesh. It also has interest as a game or bait fish species in recreational fishing.
Uses List
General > Sport (hunting, shooting, fishing, racing)
Animal feed, fodder, forage > Bait/attractant
Detection and Inspection
The existence of stowaway species mixed with valuable species in ornamental or any other live fish stocks is not uncommon. The live fish trade therefore requires careful inspection by specialists in order to detect undesirable organisms which are often not labeled. In addition, the regular monitoring of current waters allows managers to detect new fish introductions and to know the spread patterns of exotic species once introduced. This information helps resource managers to identify areas at high risk of invasion and to plan local eradication programs when possible. Electrofishing is a widely recognized method to catch fish without damaging the ecosystem. Nets are a complementary sampling tool for surveys performed in lakes or reservoirs.
Prevention and Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Prevention
Education programmes can be used to raise public awareness about the threats of introduced species to ecosystems. Regular monitoring of waters by trained specialists can be used to detect new invaders and newly invaded areas.
Eradication
Once established, complete eradication is almost impossible, particularly in large areas. Local extirpation of introduced fish species may be performed in areas of high conservation value, particularly in small streams where the probability of success increases. In the River Inny, Ireland, a netting and electrofishing campaign has been running since 2006 to control a small number of introduced chub (Caffrey et al., 2008) with the result that none have been detected since 2010 (J Caffrey, Inland Fisheries Ireland, personal communication, 2012).
Control
Physical barriers and rotenone are commonly used to control small fish. Regular removal of specimens in small streams may mitigate the effect of exotic species.
Monitoring and Surveillance
Regular electrofishing surveys.
Links to Websites
| Name | URL | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) | http://www.barcodinglife.org | |
| GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
| WoRMS | http://www.marinespecies.org/index.php |
Organizations
| Name | Address | Country | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) | Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome | Italy | http://www.fao.org/ |
References
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