Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier)
Datasheet Types: Pest, Invasive species, Host plant
Abstract
This datasheet on Galinsoga quadriradiata covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.
- Preferred Common Name
- shaggy soldier
- Other Scientific Names
- Adventina ciliata Raf.
- Ageratum perplexans M.F. Johnson
- Baziasa urticifolia (Kunth) Steud
- Galinsoga aristulata E. P. Bicknell
- Galinsoga bicolorata St. John & D. White
- Galinsoga brachystephana Regel
- Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Sch.Bip.
- Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake
- Galinsoga eligulata Cuatrec.
- Galinsoga hispida Benth.
- Galinsoga humboldtii Hieron.
- Galinsoga urticifolia (Kunth) Benth.
- Jaegeria urticifolia (Kunth) Spreng.
- Sabazia urticifolia (Kunth) DC.
- Stemmatella urticifolia (Kunth) O.Hoffm. ex Hieron.
- Vargasia caracasana DC.
- Wilborgia urticifolia Kunth
- International Common Names
- Englishhairy galinsoga
- Spanishaceitillacominillohoja nuevamanzanilla
- Frenchgalinsoga cilié
- Chinesecu mao niu xi ju
- Local Common Names
- Brazilfazendeiropicão-branco
- Denmarkalmindelig timianmalbladet timian
- Ecuadorhierba de cuy
- Estoniakarvane võõrkakar
- Finlandkangasajuruohokirjopikarililja
- GermanyBehaartes Franzosenkraut
- GuatemalaSan Nicolas
- Hondurascominillo rosado
- Hungaryborzas gombvirág
- Lithuaniablakstienotoji galinsoga
- Mexicoaceitilla chicachía realestrellita
- Netherlandsharig knopkruid
- Norwaykryddertimianruteliljesmaltimian
- Swedenbacktimjankryddtimjankungsängslilja
- USAquickweed
Pictures
Flowers
Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier, friinged quickweed, botão-de-ouro); flowers.
©Smithsonian Institution/Pedro Acevedo-Rodriguez
Habit
Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier, friinged quickweed, botão-de-ouro); habit.
©Smithsonian Institution/Pedro Acevedo-Rodriguez
Flowers
Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier, friinged quickweed, botão-de-ouro); close-up of flowers.
©Smithsonian Institution/Pedro Acevedo-Rodriguez
Summary of Invasiveness
G. quadriradiata is a fast-growing annual herb with the capacity to invade agricultural and other disturbed areas in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world (Kagima 2000; Vibrans, 2009; Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014). It is highly competitive and can spread quickly, often being the dominant species in a field. It is causing considerable economic impact in cropping systems, greenhouses, gardens and nurseries (Madsen and Wersal, 2014). In Europe, this species is recognized as a significant problem for many growers and farmers, including in commercial greenhouses, and its presence may reduce yields up to 10-50% in fields planted with vegetables and crops (Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014).
Taxonomic Tree
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
The family Asteraceae is one of the most diverse groups among flowering plants, including 1620 genera and about 23,600 species (Stevens, 2012). Species in the Asteraceae are very variable vegetatively, but may be recognized by their “capitulate” and involucrate inflorescences in which numerous small flowers open first on the outside and are infrequently subtended by bracts. The anthers in this family are usually fused and form a tube through which the style extends before the two stigmatic lobes separate and become recurved. The rather small, single-seeded fruits usually have a plumose “pappus” and are frequently dispersed by wind (Stevens, 2012).
The genus Galinsoga includes approximately 14 species native to the New World (Pruski, 2014). This genus is closely related to genera Sabazia (Mexico and South America) and Alloispermum (South America), and some botanists believe that all these genera might best be treated as a single large Galinsoga genus (Canne, 1977, 1978). G. quadriradiata (native to Mexico) is a common weed in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world and is morphologically the most variable species within this genus (Canne, 1977).
The genus Galinsoga includes approximately 14 species native to the New World (Pruski, 2014). This genus is closely related to genera Sabazia (Mexico and South America) and Alloispermum (South America), and some botanists believe that all these genera might best be treated as a single large Galinsoga genus (Canne, 1977, 1978). G. quadriradiata (native to Mexico) is a common weed in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world and is morphologically the most variable species within this genus (Canne, 1977).
Plant Type
Annual
Herbaceous
Seed propagated
Description
G. quadriradiata is an annual herb, 8–62 cm tall. Leaf blades 20–60 × 15–45 mm. Peduncles 5–20 mm. Involucres hemispheric to campanulate, 3–6 mm diameter. Phyllaries deciduous, outer paleae deciduous, broadly elliptic to obovate, 2–3 mm; inner deciduous, linear to lanceolate, 2–3 mm, entire or 2- or 3-lobed, lobes to 1/3 total lengths, blunt. Ray florets (4 or) 5 (to 8); corollas usually white, sometimes pink, laminae 0.9–2.5 × 0.9–2 mm. Disk florets 15–35. Ray achenes 1.5–2 mm; pappus of 6–15 fimbriate scales 0.5–1 mm; pappus absent or of usually 14–20, rarely 1–5, white, lanceolate to oblanceolate, fimbriate, sometimes aristate, scales 0.2–1.7 mm (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2014).
Distribution
G. quadriradiata is native to Mexico (Pruski, 2014), but has become widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of the world where it is one of the most common weeds in gardens, greenhouses, and arable land (DAISIE, 2014; USDA-ARS, 2014).
Distribution Map
Distribution Table
History of Introduction and Spread
G. quadriradiata was reported in North America in the 1830s. It was recorded as “naturalized” in 1836 in Philadelphia, where it was growing in the Bartram Botanical Garden (Kagima 2000; Madsen and Wersal, 2014). In Europe, G. quadriradiata was first recorded at the end of the nineteenth century, and it is now established in many European countries (Kabuce and Priede, 2010). In Germany, G. quadriradiata was first found in Hamburg in 1892, and it was first reported in 1925 in the Netherlands (Reinhardt et al., 2003). In the Baltic countries, G. quadriradiata was first found in Estonia in 1921 and in Lithuania in 1924 (Kuusk et al., 2003). In the Nordic countries the first reports of G. quadriradiata are from Norway in 1900, Sweden in 1926, Denmark in 1927, and Finland in 1928 (Kabuce and Priede, 2010). In Russia, G. quadriradiata was found in 1842 as escaped from the St-Petersburg Botanical Garden and occasionally it has been found in the European part of Russia since the 1920s.
After 1945, this species has expanded to Ukraine, Belarus and to the north-western and central districts of Russia where it was registered in the 1970s. In 1991 it was recorded in Siberia (Schultz, 1984; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). For most of the European countries where G. quadriradiata is now naturalized, it has been hypothesized that this species was introduced unintentionally, probably transported as a contaminant in imported seeds and seedlings of ornamental plants, soil, grains, crop seeds, or other agricultural products (Reinhardt et al., 2003; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). In the Caribbean, G. quadriradiata was first collected in Jamaica in 1903, in Bermuda in 1908, and in Puerto Rico in 1915 (US National Herbarium).
After 1945, this species has expanded to Ukraine, Belarus and to the north-western and central districts of Russia where it was registered in the 1970s. In 1991 it was recorded in Siberia (Schultz, 1984; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). For most of the European countries where G. quadriradiata is now naturalized, it has been hypothesized that this species was introduced unintentionally, probably transported as a contaminant in imported seeds and seedlings of ornamental plants, soil, grains, crop seeds, or other agricultural products (Reinhardt et al., 2003; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). In the Caribbean, G. quadriradiata was first collected in Jamaica in 1903, in Bermuda in 1908, and in Puerto Rico in 1915 (US National Herbarium).
Risk of Introduction
The risk of introduction of G. quadriradiata is very high. It is a cosmopolitan weed in gardens, agricultural and waste areas and its seeds can be easily dispersed by wind and as a contaminant in soil, crop seeds, machinery, and adhered to animal fur and human clothes (Kagima 2000; Vibrans, 2009; Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014). Consequently, the species has the potential to spread much further and colonize more territories than it has to date.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
G. quadriradiata spreads by seeds. Seeds are enclosed in an achene and are small (1.5 mm long) and adapted to wind-dispersal. Seeds may also be secondarily dispersed as a contaminant in imported seeds and seedlings of ornamental plants, soil, grains, crop seeds, agricultural machinery or adhered to cattle, animal fur and human clothes (Reinhardt et al., 2003; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). Seeds are viable for only a few years under field conditions (Huffman, 2004).
Pathway Causes
| Pathway cause | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botanical gardens and zoos (pathway cause) | Planted in botanical gardens | Yes | Yes | |
| Escape from confinement or garden escape (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes | ||
| Garden waste disposal (pathway cause) | Common weed in gardens | Yes | Yes | |
| Nursery trade (pathway cause) | Common weed in nurseries | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
| Pathway vector | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debris and waste associated with human activities (pathway vector) | Common weed in gardens and arable lands | Yes | Yes | |
| Land vehicles (pathway vector) | Seeds as a contaminant | Yes | Yes | |
| Livestock (pathway vector) | Seeds can be dispersed adhered to fur | Yes | Yes | |
| Machinery and equipment (pathway vector) | Seeds as a contaminant | Yes | Yes | |
| Soil, sand and gravel (pathway vector) | Seeds as a contaminant | Yes | Yes |
Hosts/Species Affected
G. quadriradiata is considered to be a common weed in several crops of major importance, such as wheat, maize, coffee, cotton, tobacco, sugarbeet, tomato, pepper, potato, beans, onions, cabbages, garlic, citrus, banana, apple, and strawberry. It is also a common weed in gardens, greenhouses, and nurseries (Damalas, 2008; Vibrans, 2009; Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
| Host | Family | Host status | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allium cepa (onion) | Liliaceae | Main | |
| Allium sativum (garlic) | Liliaceae | Main | |
| Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet) | Chenopodiaceae | Main | |
| Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers) | Brassicaceae | Main | |
| Capsicum (peppers) | Solanaceae | Main | |
| Citrus | Rutaceae | Main | |
| Coffea arabica (arabica coffee) | Rubiaceae | Main | |
| Fragaria (strawberry) | Rosaceae | Main | |
| Gossypium (cotton) | Malvaceae | Main | |
| Malus domestica (apple) | Rosaceae | Main | |
| Musa (banana) | Musaceae | Main | |
| Nicotiana | Solanaceae | Main | |
| Phaseolus (beans) | Fabaceae | Main | |
| Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | Solanaceae | Main | |
| Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Solanaceae | Main | |
| Triticum (wheat) | Poaceae | Main | |
| Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Main |
Growth Stages
Flowering stage
Fruiting stage
Seedling stage
Vegetative growing stage
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
G. quadriradiata can be confused with Galinsoga parviflora. These two species can be distinguished by the following taxonomic characters (Pruski, 2014):
1.
G. quadriradiata: inner paleae subentire to moderately trifid, usually deciduous after fruit fall; ray and disk cypselae typically with a more or less isomorphic pappus or similarly epappose; outer sterile phyllaries 1-2(-3); phyllaries often stipitate-glandular, usually all deciduous after fruit fall
2.
G. parviflora: inner paleae usually deeply trifid and persistent after fruit fall; ray and disk cypselae with obviously heteromorphic pappus; outer sterile phyllaries 2-4; phyllaries nearly always glabrous, a few usually persistent after fruit fall.
Habitat
G. quadriradiata is listed as a weed even in its native range. It grows in gardens, greenhouses, agricultural land, roadsides, railways, open fields, and other disturbed areas, essentially in association with any form of human development.
It also has been found in natural riparian habitats, mountain slopes, margins in mixed coniferous and deciduous woodlands, and pine-oak forests (Wagner et al., 1999; Kagima 2000; Vibrans, 2009; Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014; Madsen and Wersal, 2014).
Habitat List
| Category | Sub category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | Natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Genetics
The chromosome number reported for G. quadriradiata is 2n = 32 (Strother and Panero, 2001). However, it is a tetraploid species and can hybridize with G. parviflora (Gopinathan and Babu, 1982).
Reproductive Biology
G. quadriradiata has been described as either self- or insect-pollinated (Reinhardt et al., 2003). Flower anthesis is diurnal and flowers can be cross-pollinated by insects, otherwise they are self-fertile. Both the disk and ray florets are fertile, producing oblanceoloid achenes. At the apex of each achene, there is a pappus of several membranous scales which spread outward as the achenes mature and assist in their distribution by wind and water (Kabuce and Priede, 2010, Hilty, 2013).
Physiology and Phenology
G. quadriradiata is an annual fast growing herb. An 8- to 9-week-old plant can produce 3000 flower heads and up to 7500 seeds (Kagima, 2000). Seeds are able to germinate immediately upon contact with warm moist soil; therefore plants can achieve 2-3 generations each growing season (Reinhardt et al., 2003).
In Mexico (within its native distribution range), G. quadriradiata flowers and fruits all year long (Vibrans, 2009). It has been reported flowering from June until late autumn in Europe (Kabuce and Priede, 2010) and from December to May in India (Bhatt et al., 2012).
Environmental Requirements
G. quadriradiata is adapted to warm climates and can grow in heavy, nitrogen-rich and clayey soils (Bhatt et al., 2012). It is sensitive to frost, and its seeds require high temperatures to germinate (Reinhardt et al., 2003; Kabuce and Priede, 2010, Hilty, 2013).
Climate
| Climate type | Description | Preferred or tolerated | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Af - Tropical rainforest climate | > 60mm precipitation per month | Tolerated | |
| Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | Tolerated | |
| As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | Preferred | |
| Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | Preferred | |
| Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | Tolerated | |
| Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | Tolerated | |
| Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | Preferred | |
| Ds - Continental climate with dry summer | Continental climate with dry summer (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers) | Tolerated |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
| Latitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude lower (m) | Altitude upper (m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60 | 34 |
Soil Tolerances
Soil texture > medium
Soil texture > heavy
Soil reaction > neutral
Soil reaction > alkaline
List of Pests
Impact Summary
| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Economic/livelihood | Negative |
| Environment (generally) | Negative |
Impact: Economic
G. quadriradiata is one of the most common weeds in North America and Europe where it causes important economic damage to agriculture and the nursery trade. The species is a strong competitor in weedy plant communities and it is a permanent problem for many farmers including commercial greenhouses. G. quadriradiata may reduce yields by up to 10-50% in fields planted with vegetables and crops (Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014). It has the potential to outcompete other plants in taking up nutrients and it may also shade out cultivated and native plants (Reinhardt et al., 2003).
Risk and Impact Factors
Invasiveness
Proved invasive outside its native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Highly mobile locally
Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Impact outcomes
Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
Modification of successional patterns
Negatively impacts agriculture
Reduced amenity values
Reduced native biodiversity
Threat to/ loss of native species
Impact mechanisms
Competition - monopolizing resources
Rapid growth
Likelihood of entry/control
Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
Difficult to identify/detect in the field
Uses
In Africa and Southeast Asia, the young stems and leaves of G. quadriradiata are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. In America, dried leaves are used as an essential flavouring for certain dishes (Kagima 2000; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). In Mexico, it is used as animal forage (Vibrans, 2009).
Uses List
General > Botanical garden/zoo
Human food and beverage > Food additive
Human food and beverage > Spices and culinary herbs
Human food and beverage > Vegetable
Prevention and Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Infestations of G. quadriradiata outside cultivation can be treated using the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). When this species grows as a weed with vegetables and intercrops, herbicide use has to be limited and will depend upon the crop planted (Madsen and Wersal, 2014). No biological control methods are currently recommended.
Links to Websites
| Name | URL | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventory for Europe (DAISIE) | http://www.europe-aliens.org/default.do | |
| GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
| Global Compositae Checklist | http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/Default.aspx | |
| Plant Resources for Tropical Africa | http://www.prota.org/ |
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Published online: 7 March 2014
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