Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly)
Datasheet Types: Pest, Natural enemy, Invasive species
Abstract
This datasheet on Bactrocera dorsalis covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912)
- Preferred Common Name
- Oriental fruit fly
- Other Scientific Names
- Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis Drew & Hancock, 1994
- Bactrocera (Bactrocera) invadens Drew et al., 2005
- Bactrocera (Bactrocera) papayae Drew & Hancock, 1994
- Bactrocera (Bactrocera) philippinensis Drew & Hancock, 1974
- Bactrocera (Bactrocera) variabilis Lin & Wang
- Bactrocera ferruginea Bezzi, 1913
- Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White
- Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock
- Bactrocera philippinensis
- Chaetodacus ferrugineus Bezzi, 1916
- Chaetodacus ferrugineus dorsalis Bezzi, 1916
- Chaetodacus ferrugineus var. dorsalis Hendel, 1915
- Chaetodacus ferrugineus var. okinawanus Shiraki, 1933
- Dacus (Bactrocera) dorsalis Hardy, 1977
- Dacus (Bactrocera) semifemoralis Tseng et al., 1992
- Dacus (Bactrocera) vilanensis Tseng et al., 1992
- Dacus (Strumeta) dorsalis Hardy & Adachi, 1956
- Dacus dorsalis Hendel, 1912
- Dacus ferrugineus (Fabricius, 1805)
- Musca ferruginea Fabricius, 1794, preocc.
- Strumeta dorsalis Hering, 1956
- Strumeta dorsalis okinawa Shiraki, 1968
- Strumeta ferruginea Hering, 1956
- International Common Names
- Spanishmosca oriental de la fruta
- Frenchmouche de fruits asiatiquemouche orientale des arbres fruitiers
- Portuguesemosca oriental das frutas
- Local Common Names
- GermanyOrientalische Fruchtfliege
- Japanmikan-ko-mibae
- Netherlandsmangga-vlieg
- EPPO code
- DACUDO (Bactrocera dorsalis)
Pictures
Aggregation of males
Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly); an aggregation of male flies on the spadix of an aroid, gathering eugenol to augment their pheromone. Wat Palad, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Thailand. July 1994.
©R. Davies/Natural History Museum
Adult
Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly); adult.
©Clive Lau
Adult
Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly); adult.
©Clive Lau
Adult
Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly); adult.
©Clive Lau
Adult
Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly); adult. Museum set specimen.
©CABI BioScience
Museum set specimen
Bactrocera dorsalis; Adult specimen.
©CABI BioScience
Museum set specimen
Bactrocera dorsalis; Adult specimen.
©CABI BioScience
Adult fly
Bactrocera dorsalis; adult male fly at rest.
Marc De Meyer
Summary of Invasiveness
Bactrocera dorsalis is a highly invasive species. Native to Asia, Oriental fruit fly is now found in at least 65 countries, including parts of America and Oceania, and most of continental Africa (sub-Saharan countries). The potential risk of its introduction to a new area is facilitated by increasing international tourism and trade, and is influenced by changes in climate and land use. After introduction, it can easily disperse as it has a high reproductive potential, high biotic potential (short life cycle, up to 10 generations of offspring per year depending on temperature), a rapid dispersal ability and a broad host range. The economic impact would result primarily from the loss of the export markets and the costly requirement of quarantine restrictions and eradication measures. Furthermore, its establishment would have a serious impact on the environment, following the initiation of chemical and/or biological control programmes. Invasive B. dorsalis has been shown to be highly competitive with native fruit flies where it has established, quickly becoming the dominant fruit fly pest.
Oriental fruit fly is of quarantine significance to EPPO (European Plant Protection Organization), APPPC (Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission), COSAV (Comité de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur), CPPC (Caribbean Plant Protection Commission), IAPSC (Inter-African Phytosanitary Council) and OIRSA (Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria) countries.
Taxonomic Tree
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Bactrocera dorsalis is a member of the Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) species complex. This species complex forms a group within the subgenus Bactrocera and the name may therefore be cited as Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis. B. dorsalis was originally treated as a single species, widespread over Asia, until it was split into several species, with the description of Bactrocera carambolae, B. papayae and B. philippinensis by Drew and Hancock (1994). Native range of true B. dorsalis became restricted primarily to continental Asian countries north of the Malay Peninsula. Bactrocera invadens was later described by Drew et al. (2005), when established populations were detected in East Africa (Lux et al., 2003) and in West Africa (Vayssières, 2004). Bactrocera philippinensis was designated a synonym of B. papayae by Drew and Romig (2013). Extensive research was carried out to delimitate species boundaries, based on morphological, molecular, cytogenetic, behavioural and chemoecological data by multidisciplinary teams, in great part coordinated under an FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on the ‘Resolution of cryptic species complexes of tephritid pests to overcome constraints to SIT application and international trade’. This resulted in the synonymization of B. invadens and B. papayae under B. dorsalis and leaving B. carambolae as a distinct species by Schutzeet al. (2015), who summarized the extensive research and evidence supporting the synonymization. Records of B. pedestris (Bezzi) from outside of the Philippines are mostly based on misidentifications of B. dorsalis.
Description
Eggs
The eggs of Bactrocera oleae were described in detail by Margaritis (1985) and those of other species are probably very similar. They are 0.8 mm long and 0.2 mm wide, with the micropyle protruding slightly at the anterior end, and white to yellow-white. The chorion is reticulate (requires scanning electron microscope examination).
Larvae
The following larval description was taken from White and Elson-Harris (1994):
B. dorsalis third-instar larva: medium-sized: 7.5-10.0 mm long and 1.5-2.0 mm wide;
Head: stomal sensory organ with three to four sensilla, surrounded by five large, unserrated preoral lobes; oral ridges with 11-14 rows of blunt edged, short teeth; accessory plates 12-15, shell-shaped with small, rounded teeth; mouth hooks moderately sclerotized, without pre-apical teeth.
Thoracic and abdominal segments: anterior portion of each thoracic segment with an encircling band of several discontinuous rows of small spinules; T1 with 9-11 rows of large, sharply pointed spinules; T2 spinules small, stout, sharply pointed with five to six rows dorsally, three to four rows laterally, five to seven rows ventrally; T3 spinules similar to those on T2, two to four rows dorsally, one to three rows laterally, three to five rows ventrally. Creeping welts with small, stout spinules, with one posterior row of spinules larger and stouter than remainder. A8 rounded with prominent intermediate areas and obvious sensilla.
Anterior spiracles: 8-12 tubules.
Posterior spiracles: spiracular slits thick walled, approximately 2.5-3.0 times as long as broad. Spiracular hairs just longer than a spiracular slit; dorsal and ventral bundles with 17-20 broad, flat hairs, branched apically; lateral bundles with 8-12 similarly shaped hairs.
Anal area: lobes protuberant, surrounded by three to five discontinuous rows of spinules. The inner rows of spinules stout, slightly curved, sharply pointed becoming larger just below the anal opening, outer rows with smaller spinules.
Puparium
Barrel-shaped with most larval features unrecognisable, the exception being the anterior and posterior spiracles, which are little changed by pupariation. White to yellow-brown. Usually approximately 60-80% the length of the larva.
Adults
Drew and Hancock (1994) distinguish the B. dorsalis species complex as follows: Bactrocera (Bactrocera) spp. with a clear wing membrane, except for a narrow costal band (not reaching R4+5); cells bc and c colourless (except in a few non-pests with a very pale tint) with microtrichia restricted to outer corner of cell c. Scutum generally black with lateral vittae present and medial vitta absent; yellow scutellum, except for basal band which is usually very narrow; abdomen with a medial dark stripe on T3-T5; dark laterally (but form of marking varies from species to species). B. dorsalis belongs to a subgroup that has yellow postpronotal lobes, parallel lateral vittae, and femora not extensively marked. Within this group it is distinguished by its short to long aculeus/aedeagus; tomentum with no gap; narrow costal band; generally narrow but sometimes extensive abdominal markings. It is noteworthy that colour of scutum varies in B. dorsalis from generally black to black with an extensive lanceolate red-brown pattern to almost entirely red-brown. Populations from the Indian subcontinent and Africa have extensive pale markings (Leblanc et al., 2013a), whereas specimens from Asia east of Myanmar mostly have dark scutum.
Distribution
The revision by Drew and Hancock (1994) split the original B. dorsalis into B. carambolae and three species, B. dorsalis, B. papayae and B. philippinensis, with mutually exclusive geographic ranges. B. dorsalis sensu stricto became restricted to mainland Asia (and Taiwan) and its adventive populations in Hawaii and French Polynesia, and newly described B. papayae ranged from southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia through East Malaysia and all Indonesian islands to New Guinea Island, and B. philippinensis was restricted to the Philippines and introduced to Palau. When B. dorsalis invaded continental Africa, around 2003, it was described as B. invadens, the origin and native range of which was believed to be Sri Lanka (Drew et al., 2005). With the exception of B. carambolae, all of these species are now treated together as B. dorsalis sensu lato, which is the most destructive, invasive and widespread of all Dacine fruit flies. The distribution and invasion history of B. dorsalis are summarized on a map published in Vargas et al. (2015). EPPO (2014) includes California, USA, in the distribution because the fly is repeatedly trapped there in small numbers. Whether or not B. dorsalis is actually established in continental America is a hotly debated topic (Papadopoulos et al., 2013; Suckling et al., 2014).
The distribution of B. dorsalis was mapped recently by IIE (1994a) and more recently by CABI/EPPO (2013). See also CABI/EPPO (1998, No. 24). Records of B. dorsalis in Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and New Caledonia published in IIE (1994a) and in previous versions of the Compendium were incorrect; B. dorsalis has been absent from Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands since 1965 (Leblanc, 1997) and was never present in New Caledonia. A distribution map of B. dorsalis across the world can be seen on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) website. A more detailed distribution of B. dorsalis in Africa can also be viewed on the website True Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the Afrotropical Region.
Distribution Map
Distribution Table
History of Introduction and Spread
Oriental fruit fly has been established since about 1945 and quickly became widespread in the Hawaiian Islands (Pemberton, 1946).
B. dorsalis (as B. papayae) is believed to have been introduced accidentally into the eastern Indonesian province of Irian Jaya [Papua Barat] prior to 1992, when it was first detected in the border areas of Papua New Guinea (Sar et al., 2001). By 2000 it had spread throughout much of mainland Papua New Guinea (Sar et al., 2001). In March 1993, it was detected on several northern islands in Torres Strait, Queensland (Fay et al., 1997). This represents the first detection of this known invasive species in Australian territory and it was quickly eradicated. In October 1995, it was detected in the Cairns region of northern Queensland (Fay et al., 1997; Hancock et al., 2000b). This was probably the result of accidental introduction from Papua New Guinea. The fly had spread throughout the Cairns-Mareeba-Mossman region and detections were made from Cooktown to Cardwell before it was eradicated during 1997-1998 (Hancock et al., 2000b; Cantrell et al., 2002). An isolated outbreak at Mount Isa in western Queensland was eradicated during 1997 (Hancock et al., 2000; Cantrell et al., 2002). Since then, there have been occasional incursions onto Torres Strait islands from Papua New Guinea. These have been eradicated whenever establishment occurred.
In 1991, the Ministry of Agriculture in Mauritius established a network of quarantine traps for exotic fruit flies. In June 1996, one Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) was found in a trap near the airport in Mauritius (White, 2006). The quarantine trap grid was immediately extended in the area surrounding the airport, and fruit in the area was inspected for larval infestations. The larvae were reared from infested fruit found near the airport and it was clear that the oriental fruit fly had established in southern Mauritius. Morphological examination indicated that the flies had originated in southern India. An eradication programme for B. dorsalis infesting various tree crops was conducted from July 1996 to April 1998, in the southern region of Mauritius, using bait application technique (BAT), male annihilation technique (MAT), cover spray of trees with ripening fruits, soil drenching under trees with ripening and fallen fruits, and fruit clean-up and disposal. The introduction was probably accidental, as the first flies were detected in the airport neighbourhood.
In 2003, an unknown Bactrocera species was found in Kenya (Lux et al., 2003). Taxonomic expertise showed that it could not be a native species of Africa, but that it proved to be a member of the B. dorsalis complex. Identical specimens were collected earlier during a survey in Sri Lanka in 1993 and initially classified as aberrant forms of B. dorsalis. It was decided that both populations belonged to the same, hitherto undescribed species: B. invadens, which was formally described in 2005 (Drew et al., 2005) and designated a synonym of B. dorsalis a decade later (Schutze et al., 2015).
After its discovery in Kenya, it was recorded in a number of countries in eastern, central and western Africa in a relatively short time (Mwatawala et al., 2004; Drew et al., 2005; Meyer et al., 2007). This threat has also been reported in 2004 in Sudan (Luckman, 2004), Cameroon (Abanda et al., 2008), Senegal (Vayssières, 2004), Benin (Vayssières et al., 2005) and other West African countries. Recently, the species has also been reported from southern Africa (Meyer et al., 2007), southern India (Sithanantham et al., 2006) and Bhutan (Drew et al., 2007).
The exact invasion pathway into Africa is unknown. From 1999 to 2004, an intensive sampling programme was conducted in Kenya (Copeland et al., 2004). During that period, close to 4000 fruit samples (comprising approximately 980,000 pieces of fruit) belonging to 882 taxa and 116 plant families, were collected from coastal and western Kenya, as well as from the Central Highlands. Some trapping, including the use of methyl eugenol, was also carried out as a parallel study from 1999 to 2000 (IM White, UK [address available from CABI], personal communication, 2008). It was only in March 2003 that the first specimens were collected from the coastal region (Lux et al., 2003).
Vayssières and Kalabane (2000) and Vayssières et al. (2004) conducted intensive fruit fly sampling in commercial mango (Mangifera indica) orchards in different localities in western Africa, in Coastal Guinea and Mali, from 1992 to 1995 and 2000, respectively. None of these yielded any specimens of B. dorsalis. The first specimens in that part of the African mainland were detected in June 2004 (Drew et al., 2005; Vayssières, 2004). The presence of this species in those eastern or western African countries before the beginning of the twenty-first century is, therefore, very unlikely. Unfortunately, no similar studies were conducted at that time in other parts of the African continent where the fly is currently found. The fact that the first specimens were reported from the East African coast appears to indicate that the port of entry could have been an East African (coastal) locality, although there is no proof of this.
Introductions
| Introduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reasons | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
| Mauritius | India | 1996 | Yes | No | Eradicated in June 1998. The Ministry of Agriculture declared Mauritius free of oriental fruit fly | |||
Risk of Introduction
The major risk is from the import of fruit containing larvae, either as part of cargo, or through the smuggling of fruit in airline passenger baggage or mail. For example, in New Zealand, Baker and Cowley (1991) recorded 7-33 interceptions of fruit flies per year in cargo and 10-28 per year in passenger baggage. Individuals who successfully smuggle fruit are likely to discard it when they discover that it is rotten. This method of introduction probably accounts for the discovery of at least one fly in a methyl eugenol trap in California, USA every year (Foote et al., 1993), although immediate implementation of eradication action plans has ensured that the fly has never been able to establish a proper breeding population, a view that has been challenged in recent years (Papadopoulos et al., 2013).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
B. dorsalis is known to have the potential to establish adventive populations in various tropical and subtropical areas. Using microsatellite markers, Qin et al. (2018) conducted a population genetic study of B. dorsalis across its entire geographical range. Based on this study, the authors concluded that the source of the pest within Asia was South Asia and populations of B. dorsalis introduced in Africa and Hawaii were most likely from South Asia (Qin et al., 2018).
Adult flight and the transport of infected fruit are the major means of movement and dispersal to previously uninfested areas.
[Erratum: In previous versions of this datasheet, it was stated that “many Bactrocera spp. can fly 50-100 km (Fletcher, 1989)” but a review of Fletcher (1989a) and Fletcher (1989b) by Hicks et al. (2019) found no evidence to support this statement and it has been removed. Fletcher (1989b) provides dispersal data for only 11 of 651 species of Bactrocera, many of the case studies lack the necessary numerical data, and the study did not discern between active flight and passive wind-assisted dispersal. There are differences among fruit fly species and further studies are required to determine dispersal distances for individual species. For further information on trapping Bactrocera species to monitor movement, see Weldon et al. (2014).]
Pathway Causes
| Pathway cause | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop production (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes | ||
| Food (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes | ||
| Hitchhiker (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes | ||
| Live food or feed trade (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes | ||
| Smuggling (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
| Pathway vector | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aircraft (pathway vector) | Fruits infested with larvae and/or eggs | Yes | ||
| Bulk freight or cargo (pathway vector) | All life stages. In New Zealand, 7-33 interceptions of fruit flies per year in cargo | Yes | ||
| Consumables (pathway vector) | All life stages | Yes | ||
| Floating vegetation and debris (pathway vector) | Fruits infested with larvae and/or eggs | Yes | Yes | |
| Land vehicles (pathway vector) | Fruits infested with eggs, larvae and/or pupae | Yes | ||
| Luggage (pathway vector) | Fruits infested with larvae and/or eggs. 10-28 interceptions per year in passenger baggage in NZ | Yes | Yes | |
| Mail (pathway vector) | Fruits infested with eggs and/or larvae | Yes | Yes | |
| Plants or parts of plants (pathway vector) | Fruits infested with eggs and/or larvae | Yes | Yes | |
| Soil, sand and gravel (pathway vector) | Pupae | Yes | Yes | |
| Wind (pathway vector) | Adults | Yes |
Plant Trade
| Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruits (inc. pods) | arthropods/eggs arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
| Growing medium accompanying plants | arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
| Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
|---|
| Bark |
| Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
| Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
| Leaves |
| Roots |
| Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
| Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches |
| True seeds (inc. grain) |
| Wood |
Wood Packaging
| Wood packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport | Timber type | Used as packing |
|---|---|---|
| Loose wood packing material | Yes | |
| Non-wood | Yes | |
| Processed or treated wood | Yes | |
| Solid wood packing material with bark | Yes | |
| Solid wood packing material without bark | Yes |
Hosts/Species Affected
Bactrocera dorsalis has over 70 species of commercial/edible and wild hosts (White and Elson-Harris, 1994; Tsuruta et al., 1997; Allwood et al., 1999; De Meyer and White, 2004; Clarke et al., 2005; Leblanc et al., 2012, 2013b). It is a serious pest of a wide range of fruit crops throughout its native range and wherever it has invaded. In order to summarise the common host range of B. dorsalis within and outside of its native range, records listed in the table below were taken from two regions and sources: South-East Asia (Clarke et al., 2005) and Africa (De Meyer and White, 2004). Records which only listed the genera as hosts for B. dorsalis in these reference sources were left out in order to comply with the definition of a fruit fly host for a plant species or cultivar as provided in ISPM 37 (FAO, 2016).
A few of the host records of B. dorsalis in surveys conducted in and outside of Africa were subsequently challenged in detailed host status studies following guidelines provided in the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures - Determination of host status of fruit to fruit flies (ISPM No. 37) (FAO, 2016). Cultivated and export grade forms of a few fruit species found to be hosts for B. dorsalis in field surveys were later confirmed as non-hosts for the pest. The following sources provide further details of studies confirming non-host status of cultivated forms of some of the fruit species found to be hosts in field surveys:
Carica papaya: fruit at particular maturity stages are non-host (Cugala et al., 2017)
Citrus limon: commercial export grade is non-host (Manrakhan et al., 2018)
Garcinia mangostana: commercial export grade is non-host (Unahawutti et al., 2014)
Musa acuminata: mature green (cv. Cavendish Dwarf) is non-host (Cugala et al., 2014)
Persea americana: some export grade cultivated varieties are non-host (Ware et al., 2016)
Carica papaya: fruit at particular maturity stages are non-host (Cugala et al., 2017)
Citrus limon: commercial export grade is non-host (Manrakhan et al., 2018)
Garcinia mangostana: commercial export grade is non-host (Unahawutti et al., 2014)
Musa acuminata: mature green (cv. Cavendish Dwarf) is non-host (Cugala et al., 2014)
Persea americana: some export grade cultivated varieties are non-host (Ware et al., 2016)
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Growth Stages
Fruiting stage
Post-harvest
Symptoms
Following oviposition there may be some necrosis around the puncture mark ('sting'). This is followed by decomposition of the fruit.
List of Symptoms/Signs
| Symptom or sign | Life stages | Sign or diagnosis | Disease stage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plants/Fruit/internal feeding | |||
| Plants/Fruit/lesions: black or brown | |||
| Plants/Fruit/premature drop |
Habitat List
| Category | Sub category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Principal habitat | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
The eggs of B. dorsalis are laid below the skin of the host fruit. These hatch within a day (although this can be delayed up to 5 days in cool conditions) and the larvae feed for another 6-17 days, depending on the temperature (Vargas et al., 1996). Pupariation is in the soil under the host plant for 12 days at 24°C and 60% RH, but may be delayed for up to 26 days under cool conditions (Vargas et al., 1996). The adults occur throughout the year and begin mating after 11 days (Arakaki et al., 1984), and may live for more than 3 months under laboratory conditions (Malod et al., 2020).
[Erratum: In previous versions of this datasheet, it was stated that “many Bactrocera spp. can fly 50-100 km (Fletcher, 1989)” but a review of Fletcher (1989a) and Fletcher (1989b) by Hicks et al. (2019) found no evidence to support this statement and it has been removed. Fletcher (1989b) provides dispersal data for only 11 of 651 species of Bactrocera, many of the case studies lack the necessary numerical data, and the study did not discern between active flight and passive wind-assisted dispersal. There are differences among fruit fly species and further studies are required to determine dispersal distances for individual species. For further information on trapping Bactrocera species to monitor movement, see Weldon et al. (2014).]
Climate
| Climate type | Description | Preferred or tolerated | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Af - Tropical rainforest climate | > 60mm precipitation per month | Tolerated | |
| Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | Tolerated | |
| Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | Preferred | |
| Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | Preferred | |
| Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | Preferred |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
| Latitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude lower (m) | Altitude upper (m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
Air Temperature
| Parameter | Lower limit (°C) | Upper limit (°C) |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute minimum temperature | 6 | 0 |
| Mean annual temperature | 23 | 32 |
| Mean maximum temperature of hottest month | 30 | 35 |
| Mean minimum temperature of coldest month | 16 | 26 |
Rainfall
| Parameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dry season duration | 3 | 6 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
| Mean annual rainfall | 250 | 2620 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Rainfall Regime
Summer
Winter
Uniform
Natural enemy of
Notes on Natural Enemies
Bactrocera spp. can be attacked as immature either by parasitoids and predators (invertebrates directly feeding or vertebrates eating fruit). Mortality due to vertebrate fruit consumption can be very high as can puparial mortality in the soil, either due to predation or environmental mortality (see White and Elson-Harris (1994) for brief review). Parasitoids appear to have little effect on the populations of most fruit flies and Fletcher (1987) noted that 0-30% levels of parasitism are typical. To date there are only a few records of partial biological control success for any Bactrocera or Dacus spp. (Wharton, 1989). Clausen (1978) noted that any benefit was almost entirely due to Fopius arisanus (then Opius oophilus) and gave the example of guava fruit (Psidium guajava) attack being reduced from 100 to 22% as a result of reduction in B. dorsalis populations through the effects of parasitism in Hawaii. More recently, F. arisanus introduction to French Polynesia has reduced infestations (larvae/kg) on guava, Tahitian chestnut and tropical almond by 70-95%, but reduction in percentage of infested fruits (by at least one larva) was not reduced as substantially (Leblanc et al., 2013c). A number of parasitoids were also released in Guam against B. dorsalis and this programme was reviewed by Waterhouse (1993). Due to difficulties in verifying the identifications of both parasitoids and (in some cases) the fruit fly hosts, no attempt has been made to catalogue all natural enemy records; see Clausen (1978), White and Elson-Harris (1994), Stibick (2004) and the website on parasitoids of fruit-infesting Tephritidae (http://paroffit.org/public/site/paroffit/home) for major sources of information. Bautista et al. (1998) described the phenology of F. arisanus. Van Mele et al. (2007) showed the positive effects of African weaver ants (Oecophylla longinoda) in controlling fruit flies in relation to the repellent cues of weaver ants (Adandonon et al., 2009), including B. invadens, in mango trees (Mangifera indica).
Natural enemies
| Natural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aceratoneuromyia indica | Parasite | Guam; Hawaii; Mariana Islands | vegetables | |||
| Aganaspis daci | Parasite | Hawaii | vegetables | |||
| Austroopius fijiensis | Parasite | Hawaii | vegetables | |||
| Fopius persulcatus | Parasite | Hawaii (presence uncertain) | ||||
| Fopius vandenboschi | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | Guam; Hawaii; Saipan | fruits; vegetables | ||
| Bracon fletcheri | Parasite | Hawaii | vegetables | |||
| Diachasmimorpha albobalteata | Parasite | Hawaii (not established) | vegetables | |||
| Diachasmimorpha kraussii | Parasite | Larvae | Hawaii | vegetables | ||
| Diachasmimorpha tryoni | Parasite | USA; Hawaii | loquats; peaches | |||
| Dirhinus anthracina | Parasite | Pupae | ||||
| Dirhinus giffardii | Parasite | Pupae | Hawaii; Saipan | fruits | ||
| Doryctobracon areolatus | Parasite | Hawaii | vegetables | |||
| Oecophylla longinoda (weaver ant) | Predator | Adults Larvae | ||||
| Psyttalia makii | Parasite | Hawaii | vegetables | |||
| Orius insidiosus | Predator | |||||
| Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae | Parasite | Pupae | Hawaii, Benin | |||
| Paratriphleps laevisculus | Predator | |||||
| Psyttalia fijiensis | Parasite | Hawaii (not established) | vegetables | |||
| Psyttalia incisi | Parasite | Larvae | Guam; Hawaii; Mariana Islands; Saipan | fruits | ||
| Psyttalia walkeri | Parasite | |||||
| Solenopsis geminata (tropical fire ant) | Predator | |||||
| Spalangia endius | Parasite | Pupae | ||||
| Steinernema carpocapsae | Parasite | |||||
| Tachinaephagus malayensis | Parasite | |||||
| Tetrastichus dacicida | Parasite | Larvae | ||||
| Tetrastichus giffardianus | Parasite | Larvae | Hawaii | |||
| Thyreocephalus albertisi | Predator | Hawaii | vegetables | |||
| Trybliographa daci | Parasite | Larvae | ||||
| Tytthus mundulus | Predator | |||||
| Utetes anastrephae | Parasite | Hawaii | vegetables | |||
| Utetes manii | Parasite | Larvae | Hawaii (not established) | |||
| Fopius arisanus | Parasite | French Polynesia; Guam; Hawaii; Saipan ; Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Reunion, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe | fruits; loquats; peaches; vegetables | |||
| Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (fruit fly parasite, longtailed) | Parasite | Larvae | French Polynesia; Guam; Hawaii; Saipan; Kenya, Mauritius, Egypt, Cape Verde, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, Reunion, Tanzania, Zambia | fruits; loquats; peaches; vegetables | ||
| Psyttalia phaeostigma | Parasite | Hawaii | vegetables | |||
| Fopius skinneri | Parasite | Hawaii (not established) | vegetables | |||
| Psyttalia fletcheri | Parasite | |||||
| Fopius deeralensis | Parasite | Hawaii (not established) | vegetables | |||
| Fopius persulcatus | Parasite | Hawaii (presence uncertain) |
Impact Summary
| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Animal/plant collections | None |
| Animal/plant products | Negative |
| Biodiversity (generally) | None |
| Crop production | Negative |
| Economic/livelihood | Negative |
| Environment (generally) | None |
| Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
| Forestry production | None |
| Human health | None |
| Livestock production | None |
| Native fauna | Negative |
| Native flora | None |
| Rare/protected species | Negative |
| Tourism | None |
| Trade/international relations | Negative |
| Transport/travel | None |
Impact
B. dorsalis is a very serious pest of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables throughout its range and damage levels can be anything up to 100% of unprotected fruit.
Impact: Economic
B. dorsalis is a very serious pest of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables throughout its range and damage levels can be anything up to 100% of unprotected fruit. As a result of its widespread distribution, pest status, invasive ability and potential impact on market access, B. dorsalis is considered to be a major threat to many countries, requiring costly quarantine restrictions and eradication measures. In Mauritius, the total cost of the eradication operation was approximately US$1 million (Seewooruthun et al., 2000). In Japan, eradication from the Ryukyu Islands has cost more than 200 million euros (Kiritani, 1998). In California, USA it has been estimated that the cost of not eradicating Oriental fruit fly would range from US$ 44 to 176 million in crop losses, additional pesticide use, and quarantine requirements. The cost for the eradication programme in northern Queensland (1995-1999) was AUS$ 33 million, but the estimated annual cost to control the pest, had it been left established, was estimated to be AUS$ 7-8 million (Cantrell et al., 2002). In Hawaii, annual losses in major fruit crops caused by B. dorsalis may exceed 13%, or US$ 3 million (Culliney, 2002).
Impact: Environmental
Due to the competition for food, oriental fruit flies would displace other less aggressive fruit fly species. Duyck et al. (2004) suggested that the r–K gradient could be used as a predictor of the potential invasive capacity of a species. Species with type K-demographic strategy traits, such as species of the genus Bactrocera, would be adapted for competition in saturated habitats. Duyck et al. (2004) reported that in all recorded cases, species further along the r–K gradient, such as B. dorsalis; have invaded over r-selected species, such as Ceratitis capitata, never the reverse.
Impact: Biodiversity
The environmental impact is rated high because the establishment of oriental fruit flies would likely trigger the initiation of chemical and/or biological control programmes. Chemical control would harm native insects and species of conservation significance.
Impact: Social
Human health and tourism would be affected if plantations treated with insecticides are close to habitat and touristic resorts. However, the risk is very low because local protein bait application techniques (BAT) and male annihilation techniques (MAT) are the most common methods used for the area-wide management of the oriental fruit fly.
Risk and Impact Factors
Invasiveness
Invasive in its native range
Proved invasive outside its native range
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Highly mobile locally
Long lived
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Has high genetic variability
Impact outcomes
Host damage
Negatively impacts agriculture
Threat to/ loss of native species
Impact mechanisms
Competition - monopolizing resources
Pest and disease transmission
Interaction with other invasive species
Likelihood of entry/control
Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally
Difficult to identify/detect in the field
Difficult/costly to control
Detection and Inspection
Fruits (locally grown or samples of fruit imports) should be inspected for puncture marks and any associated necrosis. Suspect fruits should be cut open and checked for larvae. Larval identification is difficult, so if time allows, mature larvae should be transferred to saw dust (or similar dry medium) to allow pupariation. Upon emergence, adult flies must be fed with sugar and water for several days to allow hardening and full colour to develop, before they can be identified. Detection is described in the Prevention and Control section under Early Warning Systems.
Prevention and Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Regulatory Control
Systems approach and post-harvest treatments are currently being used in import protocols of fruit commodities regarded as susceptible to B. dorsalis from countries where the pest is present. Post-harvest treatments against B. dorsalis include heat treatments, cold treatments, ionizing radiation and fumigation (Dohino et al., 2017). In systems approach, at least two independent risk mitigation measures which can include pre- and/or post-harvest measures should be used. Pre-harvest control measures which would mitigate the risk of B. dorsalis are provided below. A combination of pre-harvest measures is recommended for effective control of B. dorsalis.
Cultural Control and Sanitary Methods
One of the most effective control techniques against fruit flies in general is to wrap fruit, either in newspaper, a paper bag, or in the case of long/thin fruits, a polythene sleeve. This is a simple physical barrier to oviposition, but it has to be applied well before the fruit is attacked. There is also some evidence that neem seed kernel extract can deter oviposition (Shivendra Singh and Singh, 1998). Early harvesting is also an effective control strategy for mango (Gajendra Singh et al., 1997). Little information is available on the attack time for most fruits but few Bactrocera spp. attack prior to ripening.
Other control and sanitary methods include the removal and destruction of fallen fruits because they may harbour larvae that could form a next generation. Destruction can either be by burning, deep burrowing (at least 0.5 m below the surface), feeding them to pigs, or putting the fruits in dark-coloured plastic bags and placing them in the sun (so that the inside temperature rises and kills the larvae).
Another method is raking or disturbing the soil below the fruit trees using other means. This will expose the puparia, leading to desiccation or predation by other organisms.
Biological control
Classical biological control using the hymenopteran parasitoid, Fopius arisanus, has been successful in Hawaii (Clausen et al., 1965). F. arisanus was also introduced in different African countries and Indian Ocean islands (Mohammed et al., 2016). In Benin, field parasitism rates of B. dorsalis by F. arisanus of up to 21% were recorded when sampling indigenous fruit (Gnanvossou et al., 2016).
Soil application of entomopathogenic fungi in combination with protein bait sprays reduced fruit infestation by B. dorsalis in Kenya (Ekesi et al., 2011).
Chemical Control
Although cover sprays of entire crops are sometimes used, the use of bait sprays is both more economical and more environmentally acceptable. A bait spray consists of a suitable insecticide (e.g. malathion, spinosad, fipronil) mixed with a protein bait. Both males and females of fruit flies are attracted to protein sources emanating ammonia, and so insecticides can be applied to just a few spots in an orchard and the flies will be attracted to these spots. The protein most widely used is hydrolysed protein, but some supplies of this are acid hydrolysed and so highly phytotoxic. Smith and Nannan (1988) have developed a system using autolysed protein. In Malaysia, this has been developed into a very effective commercial product derived from brewery waste.
Sterile Insect Technique
Sterile insect technique was used successfully to eradicate B. dorsalis from Okinawa and neighbouring islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan (FFEPO, 1987).
Male Suppression
The males of B. dorsalis are attracted to methyl eugenol (4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene), sometimes in very large numbers. On a small scale, many farmers use male suppression as a control technique; however, with flies attracted over a few hundred metres the traps may be responsible for increasing the fly level (at least of males) on a crop as much as for reducing it. However, the technique has been used as an eradication technique (male annihilation), in combination with bait (Bateman, 1982).
The males of B. dorsalis are attracted to methyl eugenol (4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene), sometimes in very large numbers. On a small scale, many farmers use male suppression as a control technique; however, with flies attracted over a few hundred metres the traps may be responsible for increasing the fly level (at least of males) on a crop as much as for reducing it. However, the technique has been used as an eradication technique (male annihilation), in combination with bait (Bateman, 1982).
Early Warning Systems
Many countries that are free of Bactrocera spp., e.g. the USA (California and Florida) and New Zealand, maintain a grid of methyl eugenol and cue lure traps, at least in high-risk areas (ports and airports) if not around the entire climatically suitable area. The trap used will usually be modelled on the Steiner trap (White and Elson-Harris, 1994) or Jackson trap.
Field Monitoring
Monitoring is largely carried out by traps baited with methyl eugenol male lure (see Early Warning Systems) set in areas of infestation. However, there is evidence that some fruit flies have different host preferences in different parts of their range and host fruit surveys should also be considered as part of the monitoring process.
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Host plant surveys have not yet been carried out to show which hosts are of particular importance within the Asian range of true B. dorsalis.
Exploration of Fopius arisanus as a potential classical biological control of B. dorsalis outside Hawaii and French Polynesia is suggested.
Links to Websites
| Name | URL | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Dacine Fruit Flies of the Asia-Pacific | http://www.herbarium.hawaii.edu/fruitfly | |
| Featured Creatures | http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/ | |
| Hawaii Area-Wide Fruit Fly IPM | http://www.fruitfly.hawaii.edu/ | |
| Invasive Fruit Fly Pests in Africa | http://www.africamuseum.be/fruitfly/AfroAsia.htm | |
| Pacific Fruit Fly Web | http://www.spc.int/pacifly/ | |
| Pest Fruit Flies of the World | http://delta-intkey.com/ffa/www/_wintro.htm | |
| Tephritid Workers Database | http://www.tephritid.org/twd/srv/en/home | |
| True Fruit Flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) of the Afrotropical Region | http://projects.bebif.be/fruitfly/index.html |
Organizations
| Name | Address | Country | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| IITA (Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale) | BP 08-0932 Cotonou | Benin | http://www.iita.org/ |
| CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développment) | Head Office, 42, rue Scheffer 75116 Paris | France | http://www.cirad.fr |
| UHM (University of Hawaii at Manoa) | College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Department of Plant and Environmental Protecti Honolulu, HI 96822 | USA | http://www.uhm.hawaii.edu/ |
| USDA-ARS | Tropical Plant Pests Research Unit, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720 | USA | http://www.ars.usda.gov/ |
| ICMPFF (International Centre for the Management of Pest Fruit Flies) | Griffith UniversityNathan Campus Queensland 4111 | Australia | http://www.griffith.edu.au/centre/icmpff/ |
References
1987. Technical Document. Plant Protection Committee for the South East Asia and Pacific Region, No. 135 60 pp.
APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).
Abanda, F. X. N., Quilici, S., Vayssières, J. F., Kouodiekong, L., Woin, N., 2008. Inventory of fruit fly species on guava in the area of Yaounde, Cameroon. (Inventaire des espèces de mouches des fruits sur goyave dans la région de Yaoundé au Cameroun.) Fruits (Paris), 63(1) 19-26.
Abdullahi, G., Obeng-ofori, D., Afre-Nuamah, K., Billah M., 2011. Laboratory Evaluation of The Susceptibility of Adult African Invader Fly Bactrocera Invadens (Diptera : Tephritidae) To Nulure-Based Bait of Some Selected Insecticides Commonly Used By Mango Farmers In Ghana. Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal, 11(1) https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume11/1-Laboratory-Evaluation-of-The-Susceptibility-of.pdf
Adandonon A, Vayssières JF, Sinzogan A, Mele Pvan, 2009. Density of pheromone sources of the weaver ant <i>Oecophylla longinoda</i> affects oviposition behaviour and damage by mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). International Journal of Pest Management, 55(4):285-292.
Agboton, C., Onzo, A., Ouessou, F. I., Goergen, G., Vidal, S., Tamò, M., 2014. Insect fauna associated with Anacardium occidentale (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) in Benin, West Africa.Journal of Insect Science (Annapolis), 14(229) 1-11. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1093/jisesa/ieu091
Akbar, S. A., Nabi, S. U., Sheikh Mansoor, Khan, K. A., 2019. Morpho-molecular identification and a new host report of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) from the Kashmir valley (India).International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 40(2) 315-325.
Aketarawong N, Bonizzoni M, Thanaphum S, Gomulski LM, Gasperi G, Malacrida AR, Gugliemino CR, 2007. Inferences on the population structure and colonization process of the invasive oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Molecular Ecology, 16(17):3522-3532. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/mec
Ali, S. A. I., Mahmoud, M. E. E., Wang ManQun, Mandiana, D. M., 2013. Survey and monitoring of some Tephritidae of fruit trees and their host range in River Nile State, Sudan.Persian Gulf Crop Protection, 2(3) 32-39. http://www.cropprotection.ir/files_site/paperlist/Journal2-3-130904214920.pdf
Allwood A, 1997. New fruit fly incursion in Darwin, northern Australia Bactrocera philippinensis. Ag Alert, No. 18:2 pp.
Allwood AJ, Chinajariyawong A, Kritsaneepaiboon S, Drew RAI, Hamacek EL, Hancock DL, Hengsawad C, Jipanin JC, Jirasurat M, Krong CK, Leong CTS, Vijaysegaran S, 1999. Host plant records for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Southeast Asia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 47(Supplement 7):1-92; 26 ref.
Alyokhin AV, Mille C, Messing RH, Duan JJ, 2001. Selection of pupation habitats by oriental fruit fly larvae in the laboratory. Journal of Insect Behavior, 14(1):57-67.
Arakaki, N., Kuba, H., Soemori, H., 1984. Mating behaviour of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae).Applied Entomology and Zoology, 19(1) 42-51.
Armstrong, J. W., Couey, H. M., 1989. Control; fruit disinfestation; fumigation, heat and cold. In: Fruit Flies: Their biology, natural enemies and control, [ed. by Robinson, A. S., Hooper, G.]. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 411-424.
Asawalam EF, Nwachukwu JC, 2011. Incidence of Bactrocera invadens (Drew, Tsuruta & White) [Diptera: Tephritidae] infestations on mango (Mangifera indica) trees in Abia State Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment, 13(1):61-64.
Asawalam, E. F., Nwachukwu, J. C., 2012. Incidence of Bactrocera invadens (Drew, Tsuruta & White) [Diptera: Tephritidae] infestations on mango (Mangifera indica) trees in Abia State Nigeria.Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment, 13(1) 61-64.
Badii, K. B., Billah, M. K., Afreh-Nuamah, K., Obeng-Ofori, D., 2015. Species composition and host range of fruit-infesting flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Ghana.International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 35(3) 137-151. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JTI
Baimai, V., Trinachartvanit, W., Tigvattananont, S., Grote, P. J., Poramarcom, R., Kijchalao, U., 1995. Metaphase karyotypes of fruit flies of Thailand. 1. Five sibling species of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex.Genome, 38(5) 1015-1022.
Baker, R. T., Cowley, J. M., 1991. A New Zealand view of quarantine security with special reference to fruit flies. In: First International Symposium on Fruit Flies in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, 1988 [First International Symposium on Fruit Flies in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, 1988], [ed. by Vijaysegaran, S., Ibrahim, A. G.]. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute. 396-408.
Baker, R. T., Cowley, J. M., Harte, D. S., Frampton, E. R., 1990. Development of a maximum pest limit for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in produce imported into New Zealand.Journal of Economic Entomology, 83(1) 13-17.
Bateman, M. A., 1982. III. Chemical methods for suppression or eradication of fruit fly populations. In: Economic Fruit Flies of the South Pacific Region, [ed. by Drew, R. A. I., Hooper, G. H. S., Bateman, M. A.]. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Department of Primary Industries. 115-128.
Bautista RC, Harris EJ, Lawrence PO, 1998. Biology and rearing of the fruit fly parasitoid Biosteres arisanus: clues to insectary propagation. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 89(1):79-85; 32 ref.
Bellis, G. A., Brito, A. A., Jesus, H. de, Quintao, V., Sarmento, J. C., Bere, A., Rodrigues, J., Hancock, D. L., 2017. A preliminary account of the fruit fly fauna of Timor-Leste (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae).Zootaxa, 4362(3) 421-432.
Burikam, I., Sarnthoy, O., Charernsom, K., Kanno, T., Homma, H., 1992. Cold temperature treatment for mangosteens infested with the oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(6) 2298-2301.
CABI, EPPO, 2008. Bactrocera invadens. [Distribution map]. In: Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, December (1st revision)Wallingford, UK: CABI. Map 709.
CABI, EPPO, 2019. Bactrocera dorsalis. [Distribution map]. In: Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.DecemberWallingford, UK: CABI. Map 109 (5th revision).
CABI/EPPO, 1998. Distribution maps of quarantine pests for Europe (edited by Smith IM, Charles LMF). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, xviii + 768 pp.
CABI/EPPO, 2013. Bactrocera dorsalis. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.June. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 109 (4th revision).
Cantrell B, Chadwick B, Cahill A, 2002. Fruit fly fighters: eradication of the papaya fruit fly. Fruit fly fighters: eradication of the papaya fruit fly, 200 pp.
Chao Y-S, Ming Y, 1986. The investigation on fruit-flies (Trypetidae-Diptera) injurious to fruits and vegetables in south China. Technical Bulletin of Plant Quarantine Research, 10:1-61.
Chen LianGen, Zhu ChunGang, Xia XiNa, 2010. A preliminary study on the biological characters of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in Shanghai area. Acta Agriculturae Shanghai, 26(1):99-101.
Chinvinijkul, S., Srikachar, S., Kumjing, P., Kimjong, W., Sukamnouyporn, W., Polchaimat, N., 2015. Inter-regional mating compatibility among Bactrocera dorsalis populations in Thailand (Diptera,Tephritidae).ZooKeys, No.540299-311. http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=6468
Christenson LD, Foote RH, 1960. Biology of fruit flies. Annual Review of Entomology, 5:171-192.
Clarke A. R., Armstrong, K. F., Carmichael, A. E., Milne, J. R., Raghu, S., Roderick, G. K., Yeates, D. K., 2005. Invasive phytophagous pests arising through a recent tropical evolutionary radiation: the Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies.Annual Review of Entomology, 50293-319.
Clarke, A. R., Allwood, A., Chinajariyawong, A., Drew, R. A. I., Hengsawad, C., Jirasurat, M., Krong, C. K., Kritsaneepaiboon, S., Vijaysegaran, S., 2001. Seasonal abundance and host use patterns of seven Bactrocera Macquart species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 49(2) 207-220.
Clausen CP, 1978. Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae), In: Clausen CP, ed. Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. Agricultural Handbook, United States Department of Agriculture, 480:320-335.
Clausen, C. P., Clancy, D. W., Chock, Q. C., 1965. Biological control of the oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) and other fruit flies in Hawaii.Technical Bulletin. United States Department of Agriculture, 1322 102 pp.
Copeland RS, White IM, Okumu M, Machera M, Wharton RA, 2004. Insects associated with fruits of the Oleaceae (Asteridae, Lamiales) in Kenya, with special reference to the Tephritidae (Diptera). Elmo Hardy Memorial Volume. Contributions to the Systematics and Evolution of Diptera. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology, 12:135-164.
Cugala, D., Ekesi, S., Ambasse, D., Adamu, R. S., Mohamed, S. A., 2014. Assessment of ripening stages of Cavendish dwarf bananas as host or non-host to Bactrocera invadens.Journal of Applied Entomology, 138(6) 449-457.
Cugala, D., Jordane, J. J., Ekesi, S., 2017. Non-host status of papaya cultivars to the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), in relation to the degree of fruit ripeness.International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 37(1) 19-29.
Culliney TW, 2002. The aliens have landed: invasive species threaten Hawaii agriculture. Agriculture Hawaii, 3(1):6-9.
Daneel, J. H., Beck, R., Theron, C. D., Weldon, C. W., Moore, S. D., Hattingh, V., 2018. Non-host status of commercial export grade lemon fruit (Citrus limon (L.) Burman f. cv. Eureka) for Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, Ceratitis quilicii and Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Africa.African Entomology, 26(1) 202-214.
David KJ, Kumar ARV, Srinivasan Ramani, 2008. Distribution of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Kerala with special reference to the Western Ghats. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 10(2):55-69. http://www.entomol.gazi.edu.tr/Jersinfo.htm
De Meyer M, White IM, 2004. True fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) of the Africa. In: A queryable website on taxon and specimen information for afrotropical dacine fruit flies. Royal Museum for Central African, Tervuren, Belgium. Tervuren, Belgium: Royal Museum for Central African. http://projects.bebif.be/enbi/fruitfly/
Dohino, T., Hallman, G. J., Grout, T. G., Clarke, A. R., Follett, P. A., Cugala, D. R., Duong Minh Tu, Murdita, W., Hernandez, E., Pereira, R., Myers, S. W., 2017. Phytosanitary treatments against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae): current situation and future prospects.Journal of Economic Entomology, 110(1) 67-79. https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/110/1/67/2744806/Phytosanitary-Treatments-Against-Bactrocera
Drew RAI, Hancock DL, 1994. The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) in Asia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 84(2(Suppl.)):68 pp.
Drew RAI, Romig MC, 2013. Tropical fruit flies of South-East Asia. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Drew, R. A. I., Romig, M. C., 2007. Records of dacine fruit flies and new species of Dacus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Bhutan.Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 55(1) 1-21. http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/55/55rbz1-21.pdf
Drew, R. A. I., Tsuruta, K., White, I. M., 2005. A new species of pest fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from Sri Lanka and Africa.African Entomology, 13(1) 149-154.
Duyck PF, David P, Quilici S, 2004. A review of relationships between interspecific competition and invasions in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ecological Entomology, 29(5):511-520.
EAPIC, 2009. 5th Meeting of the East African Phytosanitary Information Committee Workshop Hotel Mille Collines, Kigali, Rwanda 2-6 March 2009., Rwanda: Mimeo, 26 pp.
EPPO, 2011. EPPO Reporting Service. Paris, France: EPPO. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/Reporting_Archives.htm
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
EPPO, 2020. EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database. Paris, France: EPPO. https://gd.eppo.int/
Ekesi S, Billah MK, 2006. A field guide to the management of economically important tephritid fruit flies in Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: ICIPE Science Press, 104 pp.
Ekesi S, Nderitu PW, Rwomushana I, 2006. Field infestation, life history and demographic parameters of the fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 96(4):379-386. http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBER%2FBER96_04%2FS0007485306000459a.pdf&code=e2873e1d9ce0ab96559d97c60a9e146d
Ekesi, S., Maniania, N. K., Mohamed, S. A., 2011. Efficacy of soil application of Metarhizium anisopliae and the use of GF-120 spinosad bait spray for suppression of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango orchards.Biocontrol Science and Technology, 21(3) 299-316.
FAO, 2016. Determination of host status of fruit to fruit flies (Tephritidae). In: ISPM 37. Rome, Italy: FAO. 14 pp.
FAO/IAEA, 2003. Trapping Guidelines for area-wide fruit fly programmes. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency, 47 pp.
FFEPO (Fruit Fly Eradication Project Office), 1987. Melon fly eradication project in the Okinawa Prefecture. Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan: FFEPO.
Fadlelmula, A. A., Ali, E. B. M., 2014. Fruit fly species, their distribution, host range and seasonal abundance in Blue Nile State, Sudan.Persian Gulf Crop Protection, 3(3) 17-24. http://www.cropprotection.ir/files_site/paperlist/Journal3-3-140928102059.pdf
Fay HA, Drew RAI, Lloyd AC, 1997. Management of fruit flies in the Pacific. ACIAR Proceedings, 76 [ed. by Allwood, A. J. \Drew, R. A. I.]. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR, 259-261.
Fletcher BS, 1987. The biology of dacine fruit flies. Annual Review of Entomology, 32:115-144
Fletcher, B. S., 1989. Life history strategies of Tephritid fruit flies. In: Fruit Flies: Their biology, natural enemies and control, [ed. by Robinson, A. S., Hooper, G.]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.195-208.
Fletcher, B. S., 1989b. Movements of tephritid fruit flies. In: Robinson AS, Hooper G, eds. Fruit Flies; their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests. Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier, 3(B):195-208.
Follett, P. A., Zee, F. T., 2011. Host status of Vaccinium reticulatum (Ericaceae) to invasive tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii.Journal of Economic Entomology, 104(2) 571-573.
Food and Agriculture Organization, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. In: Technical Document, Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, FAO, No. 135 56 pp.
Foote, R. H., Blanc, F. L., Norrbom, A. L., 1993. Handbook of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America north of Mexico. Ithaca, USA: Comstock Publishing Associates. xii + 571 pp.
Gajendra Singh, Singh, G., Lavi, U., Degani, C., Gazit, S., Lahav, E., Pesis, E., Prusky, D., Tomer, E., Wysoki, M., 1997. Integrated management of Bactrocera (Dacus) dorsalis (Hendel) in mangos. In: Acta Horticulturae [Proceedings of the 5th international mango symposium, Tel Aviv, Israel, 1-6 September 1996, Volume 2.], 455821-828.
Gnanvossou D, Hanna R, Bokonon-Ganta AH, Ekesi S, Mohamed SA, 2016. Release, establishment and spread of the natural enemy Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for control of the invasive Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Benin, West Africa. In: Fruit fly research and development in Africa - towards a sustainable management strategy to improve horticulture, [ed. by Ekesi S, Mohamed SA, de Meyer M]. Springer International Publishing. 575-600.
Goergen, G., Vayssières, J. F., Gnanvossou, D., Tindo, M., 2011. Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae), a new invasive fruit fly pest for the Afrotropical region: host plant range and distribution in West and Central Africa.Environmental Entomology, 40(4) 844-854.
Gupta, D., Verma, A. K., Bhalla, O. P., 1990. Population of fruit-flies (Dacus zonatus and D. dorsalis) infesting fruit crops in north-western Himalayan region.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 60(7) 471-474.
Han Peng, Wang Xu, Niu ChangYing, Dong YongCheng, Zhu JingQuan, Desneux, N., 2011. Population dynamics, phenology, and overwintering of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hubei Province, China.Journal of Pest Science, 84(3) 289-295.
Hancock DL, Hamacek EL, Lloyd AC, Elson-Harris MM, 2000. The Distribution and Host plants of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Information Series QI99067., Australia: Queensland Department of Primary Industries, 75 pp.
Hancock DL, Osborne R, Broughton S, Gleeson P, 2000. Eradication of Bactrocera papayae (Diptera: Tephritidae) by male annihilation and protein baiting in Queensland, Australia. Area-wide control of fruit flies and other insect pests. Joint proceedings of the international conference on area-wide control of insect pests, 28 May-2 June, 1998 and the Fifth International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance, Penang, Malaysia, 1-5 June, 1998, 381-388; 4 ref.
Hardy DE, 1969. Taxonomy and distribution of the Oriental fruit fly and related species (Tephritidae-Diptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 20:395-428.
Hardy, D. E., Adachi, M. S., 1954. Studies in the Fruit Flies of the Philippine Islands, Indonesia, and Malaya Part 1. Dacini (Tephritidae-Diptera). PACIFIC SCIENCE, 8147-204. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5098554.pdf
Harris EJ, 1989. Pest status; Hawaiian Islands and North America, In: Robinson AS, Hooper G, eds. Fruit Flies; their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests. Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier, 3(A):73-81.
Harris, E. J., Liquido, N. J., Lee, C. Y. L., 2003. Patterns in Appearance and Fruit Host Utilization of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on the Kalaupapa Peninsula, Molokai, Hawaii. 36USA: Hawaiian Entomological Society. 69-78. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/99/36_69-78.pdf
Hassani, I. M., Raveloson-Ravaomanarivo, L. H., Delatte, H., Chiroleu, F., Allibert, A., Nouhou, S., Quilici, S., Duyck, P. F., 2016. Invasion by Bactrocera dorsalis and niche partitioning among tephritid species in Comoros.Bulletin of Entomological Research, 106(6) 749-758.
Hicks, C. B., Bloem, K., Pallipparambil, G. R., Hartzog, H. M., 2019. Reported Long-Distance Flight of the Invasive Oriental Fruit Fly and Its Trade Implications. In: Area-Wide Management of Fruit Fly Pests, [ed. by Perez-Staples, D., Diaz-Fleischer, F., Montoya, P., Vera, M. T.]. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 9-25. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429355738/chapters/10.1201/9780429355738-2
Huang, Y-y., 2006. Monitoring of fruit flies species and preliminary investigation of host plant in Fujian Province. Subtropical Agriculture Research, 2https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-GZZZ200601012.htm
Hussain, M. A., Haile, A., Ahmad, T., 2015. Infestation of two tephritid fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens) and Ceratitis capitata, in guava fruits from selected regions of Eritrea.African Entomology, 23(2) 510-513.
IIE, 1994. Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae) (carambola fly). International Institute of Entomology, Distribution Maps of Pests, series A, (546), 1-2. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
IIE, 1994. Bactrocera caryeae (Kapoor) (Diptera: Tephritidae). International Institute of Entomology, Distribution Maps of Pests, series A, (550), 1-2. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
IIE, 1994. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Oriental fruit fly). International Institute of Entomology, Distribution Maps of Pests, series A, (109), 3rd revision, 1-3. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
IIE, 1994. Bactrocera dorsalis species complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) (pest species of the Oriental fruit fly complex). International Institute of Entomology, Distribution Maps of Pests, series A, (553), 1-2. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
IIE, 1994. Bactrocera kandiensis Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae). International Institute of Entomology, Distribution Maps of Pests, series A, (551), 1-2. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
IIE, 1994. Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae). International Institute of Entomology, Distribution Maps of Pests, series A, (549), 1-2. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
IIE, 1994. Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae) International Institute of Entomology, Distribution Maps of Pests, series A, (547), 1-2. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
IIE, 1994. Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae). International Institute of Entomology, Distribution Maps of Pests, series A, (548), 1-2. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
IIE, 1994. Distribution Maps of Pests, Map No. 552. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
IPPC, 2006. IPPC Official Pest Report No. SN-1/2, No. SN-1/2. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
IPPC, 2008. Occurrence of fruit fly Bactrocera invadens in Mozambique. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. MZ-1/1. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/default
IPPC, 2010. Eradication of Bactrocera invadens in the Northern Limpopo area in South Africa. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. ZAF-07/1, No. ZAF-07/1. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
IPPC, 2013. Notification on the detection of Bactrocera invadens in Swaziland. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. SWZ-01/1, No. SWZ-01/1. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
IPPC, 2015. Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental Fruit Fly) - New Regulated Area Established in Redland, Miami-Dade County, Florida. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. USA-64/1. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/en/
IPPC, 2016. Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) - removal of quarantine area in Redland, Miami-Dade County, Florida. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. USA-71/2. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
IPPC, 2016. Country status report of Bactrocera dorsalis in South Africa. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. ZAF-28/2. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/
Ihsan-ul-Haq, Vreysen, M. J. B., Schutze, M., Hendrichs, J., Shelly, T., 2016. Effects of methyl eugenol feeding on mating compatibility of Asian population of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) with African population and with B. carambolae.Journal of Economic Entomology, 109(1) 148-153. http://jee.oxfordjournals.org/content/109/1/148
Iwahashi O, 2000. Speciation of Bactrocera dorsalis complex based on aedeagus length. Area-wide control of fruit flies and other insect pests. Joint proceedings of the international conference on area-wide control of insect pests, 28 May-2 June, 1998 and the Fifth International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance, Penang, Malaysia, 1-5 June, 1998, 591-594; 8 ref.
Iwaizumi, R., 2004. Species and host record of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) detected by the plant quarantine of Japan.Applied Entomology and Zoology, 39(2) 327-333.
Iwaizumi, R., Kumagai, M., Kato, T., 1995. Plant quarantine significance of pitaya, Hylocereus undatus as a host plant of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae).Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, No. 31101-104.
Jiji, T., Manu, C. R., Akhila, M. U., Aswathy Asokan, 2016. Male fruit flies, a new threat to black pepper cultivation in Kerala, India.Current Biotica, 10(1) 67-70. http://www.currentbiotica.com/CB/Journals10-Issue-I/CB-10(1)-Short-notes-3.pdf
José, L., Cugala, D., Santos, L., 2013. Assessment of invasive fruit fly fruit infestation and damage in Cabo Delgado province, northern Mozambique.African Crop Science Journal, 21(1) 21-28. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/86105/75940
Kambura, C., Tanga, C. M., Kilalo, D., Muthomi, J., Salifu, D., Rwomushana, I., Mohamed, S. A., Ekesi, S., 2018. Composition, host range and host suitability of vegetable-infesting tephritids on cucurbits cultivated in Kenya.African Entomology, 26(2) 379-397.
Kiritani K, 1998. Exotic insects in Japan. Entomological Science, 1(3):291-298.
Kunprom, C., Pramual, P., 2016. DNA barcode variability and host plant usage of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand.Genome, 59(10) 792-804.
Leblanc L, 1997. Fruit fly fauna in Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Palua, Kiribati, Northern Marianas and Marshall Islands, In: Allwood AJ, Drew RAI (eds), Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific. A Regional Symposium, Nadi, Fiji. ACIAR Proceedings, 76:64-67.
Leblanc L, Hossain MA, Khan SA, San Jose M, Rubinoff D, 2013. A preliminary survey of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of Bangladesh. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 45:51-58.
Leblanc L, Tora Vueti E, Drew RAI, Allwood AJ, 2012. Host plant records for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) in the Pacific Islands. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 44:11-53.
Leblanc L, Vargas RI, Putoa R, 2013. From eradication to containment: invasion of French Polynesia by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and releases of natural enemies: a 17-year case study. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 45:31-43.
Leblanc, L., Vueti, E. T., Allwood, A. J., 2013. Host Plant Records for Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) in the Pacific Islands: 2. Infestation Statistics on Economic Hosts. 45USA: Hawaiian Entomological Society. 83-117. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/31008
Liang GQ, Hancock DL, Xu W, Liang F, 1993. Notes on the Dacinae of southern China (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 32:137-140.
Liang GQ, Hancock DL, Xu W, Liang F, 1993. Notes on the Dacinae of southern China (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 32:137-140.
Liu LiJun, Liu JiaQi, Wang QingLei, Ndayiragije P, Ntahimpera A, Nkubaye E, Yang QianQian, Li ZhiHong, 2011. Identification of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Burundi, based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcode. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(62):13623-13630. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/pdf2011/12Oct/Liu%20et%20al1.pdf
Lux, S. A., Copeland, R. S., White, I. M., Manrakhan, A., Billah, M. K., 2003. A new invasive fruit fly species from the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) group detected in East Africa.Insect Science and its Application, 23(4) 355-361.
Malod, K., Archer, C. R., Karsten, M., Cruywagen, R., Howard, A., Nicolson, S. W., Weldon, C. W., 2020. Exploring the role of host specialisation and oxidative stress in interspecific lifespan variation in subtropical tephritid flies.Scientific Reports, 10(3)
Mann, G. S., 1997. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) incidence on sand pear in relation to other larval hosts adjoining the sand pear orchards in Punjab.Journal of Insect Science, 10(1) 34-37.
Manrakhan, A., Venter, J. H., Hattingh, V., 2015. The progressive invasion of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Africa.Biological Invasions, 17(10) 2803-2809. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10530-015-0923-2
Margaritis LH, 1985. Comparative study of the eggshell of the fruit flies Dacus oleae and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Trypetidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63(9):2194-2206
Mathaji, B. G., 2009. Studies on Comparative Biology, Population Dynamics and Management of Orchard Flies (Bactrocera spp.). India: Navsari Agricultural University. https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/65033
Mele, P. van, Vayssières, J. F., Tellingen, E. van, Vrolijks, J., 2007. Effects of an African weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda, in controlling mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Benin.Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(3) 695-701.
Meyer M De, Mohamed S, White IM, 2007. Invasive fruit fly pests in Africa. Tervuren, Belgium: Royal Museum for Central Africa. http://www.africamuseum.be/fruitfly/AfroAsia.htm
Mwatawala MW, White IM, Maerere AP, Senkondo FJ, de Meyer M, 2004. A new invasive Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Tanzania. African Entomology, 12:154-156.
Mwatawala, M. W., Meyer, M. de, Makundi, R. H., Maerere, A. P., 2006. Seasonality and host utilization of the invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens (Dipt., Tephritidae) in central Tanzania.Journal of Applied Entomology, 130(9/10) 530-537.
Mwatawala, M. W., Meyer, M. de, Makundi, R. H., Maerere, A. P., 2009. Host range and distribution of fruit-infesting pestiferous fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in selected areas of Central Tanzania.Bulletin of Entomological Research, 99(6) 629-641.
Mwatawala, M. W., White, I. M., Maerere, A. P., Senkondo, F. J., Meyer, M. de, 2004. A new invasive Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Tanzania.African Entomology, 12(1) 154-156.
Mwatawala, M., Meyer, M. de, White, I. M., Maerere, A., Makundi, R. H., 2007. Detection of the solanum fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Tanzania (Dipt., Tephritidae).Journal of Applied Entomology, 131(7) 501-503.
Mziray, H. A., Makundi, R. H., Mwatawala, M., Maerere, A., Meyer, M. de, 2010. Host use of Bactrocera latifrons, a new invasive tephritid species in Tanzania.Journal of Economic Entomology, 103(1) 70-76.
N'guessan, E. N. M., Aboua, L. R. N., Serikouassi, P. B., Koua, H. K., Vayssieres, J. F., 2011. Demographic parameters of the invasive species Bactrocera invadens (Diptera:Tephritidae) in guinean area of Côte d'ivoire. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 1(6) 312-319. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1417585355?pq-origsite=gscholar
NAPPO, 2007. Phytosanitary Alert System: Update on the distribution of Bactrocera invadens - First find in Bhutan. http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=48&keyword=bactrocera%20invadens
NAPPO, 2007. Phytosanitary Alert System:Bactrocera invadens found for the first time in India. http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=44&keyword=bactrocera%20invadens
NAPPO, 2010. Phytosanitary Alert System: Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) - Establishment of a Quarantine Area in Los Angeles County, California. NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=446
NAPPO, 2010. Phytosanitary Alert System: Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) - Removal of Quarantined Area in Los Angeles Country, California. NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=426
NAPPO, 2011. Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) - Removal of Quarantine Area in Los Angeles Country, California. NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=490
NAPPO, 2013. Phytosanitary Alert System: Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) - New regulated areas in the Anaheim area of Orange County and the Cerritos-Artesia area of Los Angeles County, California. Phytosanitary Alert System: Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) - New regulated areas in the Anaheim area of Orange County and the Cerritos-Artesia area of Los Angeles County, California. NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=558
NAPPO, 2016. Phytosanitary Alert System: Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental Fruit Fly) - Removal of Quarantine in the Inglewood Area of Los Angeles County, California., http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=676: NAPPO.
Nagalakshmi, G., Rashmi, M. A., Jayanthi, P. D. K., Abraham Verghese, 2013. Eclosion time of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) reared on three different hosts.Insect Environment, 19(3) 153-155. http://www.currentbiotica.com/Insect/Volume19-3/IE-V19(3)-4.pdf
Nakagawa, S., Farias, G. J., Urago, T., 1968. Newly recognized hosts of the oriental fruit fly, melon fly, and Mediterranean fruit fly.Journal of Economic Entomology, 61(1) 339-340 pp.
Ndiaye, O., Vayssieres, J. F., Rey, J. Y., Ndiaye, S., Diedhiou, P. M., Ba, C. T., Diatta, P., 2012. Seasonality and range of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) host plants in orchards in Niayes and the Thiès Plateau (Senegal).Fruits (Paris), 67(5) 311-331.
Nishida, T., Harris, E. J., Vargas, R. I., Wong, T. T. Y., 1985. Distributional loci and host fruit utilization patterns of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), in Hawaii.Environmental Entomology, 14(5) 602-606.
Nugnes, F., Russo, E., Viggiani, G., Bernardo, U., 2018. First record of an invasive fruit fly belonging to Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Europe.Insects, 9(4) 182.
Onah, I. E., Eyo, J. E., Taylor, D., 2015. Molecular identification of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting sweet oranges in Nsukka Agro-Ecological Zone, Nigeria, based on PCR-RFLP of COI gene and DNA barcoding.African Entomology, 23(2) 342-347. http://www.bioone.org/loi/afen
Papadopoulos NT, Plant RE, Carey JR, 2013. From trickle to flood: the large-scale, cryptic invasion of California by tropical fruit flies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 280(1768):20131466. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1768/20131466.full
Pemberton CE, 1946. A new fruit fly in Hawaii. Hawaiian Planter's Record, 50:53-55.
Poligui, R. N., Mouaragadja, I., Vandereycken, A., Haubruge, E., Francis, F., 2014. Insect pests occurring on Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae) in rural areas in Gabon.Neotropical Entomology, 43(4) 322-334.
Prabhakar, C. S., Pankaj Sood, Mehta, P. K., 2012. Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) diversity in cucurbit fields and surrounding forest areas of Himachal Pradesh, a north-western Himalayan state of India.Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 45(10) 1210-1217.
Qin YuJia, Krosch, M. N., Schutze, M. K., Zhang Yue, Wang XiaoXue, Prabhakar, C. S., Susanto, A., Hee, A. K. W., Ekesi, S., Badji, K., Khan, M., Wu JiaJiao, Wang QiaoLing, Yan Ge, Zhu LiHuan, Zhao ZiHua, Liu LiJun, Clarke, A. R., Li ZhiHong, 2018. Population structure of a global agricultural invasive pest, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae).Evolutionary Applications, 11(10) 1990-2003. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17524571
Rwomushana, I., Ekesi, S., Gordon, I., Ogol, C. K. P. O., 2008. Host plants and host plant preference studies for Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Kenya, a new invasive fruit fly species in Africa.Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101(2) 331-340.
Rwomushana, I., Ekesi, S., Ogol, C. K. P. O., Gordon, I., 2008. Effect of temperature on development and survival of immature stages of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae).Journal of Applied Entomology, 132(9/10) 832-839.
SPC, 2013. Oriental fruit fly invasion in the Cook Islands. Pest Alert, No. 47., Fiji: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
Sar S, Balagawi S, Mararuai A, Putulan D, 2001. Fruit fly research and development in PNG. Food security for Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the Papua New Guinea Food and Nutrition 2000 Conference, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea, 26-30 June 2000, 571-576; 3 ref.
Satarkar VR, Krishnamurthy SV, Faleiro JR, Verghese A, 2009. Spatial distribution of major Bactrocera fruit flies attracted to methyl eugenol in different ecological zones of Goa, India. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 29(4):195-201. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JTI
Schutze, M. K., Aketarawong, N., Amornsak, W., Armstrong, K. F., Augustinos, A. A., Barr, N., O WangB, Bourtzis, K., Boykin, L. M., Cáceres, C., Cameron, S. L., Chapman, T. A., Chinvinijkul, S., Chomič, A., Meyer, M. de, Drosopoulou, E., Englezou, A., Ekesi, S., Gariou-Papalexiou, A., Geib, S. M., Hailstones, D., Mohammed Hasanuzzaman, Haymer, D., Hee, A. K. W., Hendrichs, J., Jessup, A. (et al), 2015. Synonymization of key pest species within the Bactrocera dorsalis species complex (Diptera: Tephritidae): taxonomic changes based on a review of 20 years of integrative morphological, molecular, cytogenetic, behavioural and chemoecological data.Systematic Entomology, 40(2) 456-471.
Seewooruthun SI, Permalloo S, Sookar P, Soonnoo AR, 2000. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis eradicated from Mauritius. In: Proceedings of the Indian Ocean Commission, Regional Fruit Fly Symposium, Flic en Flac, Mauritius, 5th-9th June, 2000 [ed. by Price NS, Seewooruthun I] Quatre Bornes, Mauritius: Indian Ocean Commission, 207-210.
Shivendra Singh, Singh, R. P., 1998. Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts and azadirachtin as oviposition deterrents against the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) and the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis).Phytoparasitica, 26(3) 191-197.
Simbiken, N. A., Gunik, S., Apety, J., 2006. Incidence and distribution of Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae) on coffee at Aiyura and Omuru Papua New Guinea.PNG Coffee Journal, 13(1/2) 18-26.
Sithanantham S, Selvaraj P, Boopathi T, 2006. The fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Tephritidae: Diptera) new to India. Pestology, 30:36-37.
Smith D, Nannan L, 1988. Yeast autolysate bait sprays for control of Queensland fruit fly on passionfruit in Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, 45(2):169-177.
Smith ESC, 2000. Detection and eradication of the exotic fruit fly Bactrocera philippinensis from Australia. In: Proceedings of the Indian Ocean Commission, Regional Fruit Fly Symposium, Flic en Flac, Mauritius, 5th-9th June, 2000 [ed. by Price, N. S.\Seewooruthun, I.]. Quatre Bornes, Mauritius: Indian Ocean Commission, 201-205.
Stephens AEA, Kriticos DJ, Leriche A, 2007. The current and future potential geographical distribution of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 97(4):369-378. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ber
Stibick JNL, 2004. Natural enemies of true fruit flies (Tephritidae). United States Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Publication 02/2004-01 PPQ, 02/2004-01 PPQ., USA: USDA-APHIS.
Suckling DM, Kean JM, Stringer LD, Caceres-Barrios C, Hendrichs J, Reyes-Flores J, 2014. Eradication of tephritid fruit fly pest populations: outcomes and prospects. Pest Management Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.3905
Syed, R. A., Ghani, M. A., Murtaza, M., 1970. Studies on the Trypetids and their natural enemies in West Pakistan. IV. Further observations on Dacus (Strumeta) dorsalis Hendel.Technical Bulletin, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, No. 1317-30.
Tan KengHong, Nishida, R., 2000. Mutual reproductive benefits between a wild orchid, Bulbophyllum patens, and Bactrocera fruit flies via a floral synomone.Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26(2) 533-546.
Theron, C. D., Manrakhan, A., Weldon, C. W., 2017. Host use of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in South Africa.Journal of Applied Entomology, 141(10) 810-816. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0418
Tigvattananont, S., 1986. Host plants of the fruit flies in Thailand. King Mongkut's Agricultural Journal, 4(1) 1-15. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH8621322
Tsuruta, K., White, I. M., Bandara, H. M. J., Rajapakse, H., Sundaraperuma, S. A. H., Kahawatta, S. B. M. U. C., Rajapakse, G. B. J. P., 1997. A preliminary note on the host-plants of fruit flies of the tribe Dacini (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Sri Lanka.Esakia, No. 37149-160.
Ukey, N. S., Chandele, A. G., Wagh, S. S., Bansode, G. M., 2013. Species composition of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting guava in Maharashrtra.Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, 19(2) 242-244. http://aapmhe.in/index.php/pmhe/article/view/209/198
Umeh VC, Garcia LE, Meyer Mde, 2008. Fruit flies of sweet oranges in Nigeria: species diversity, relative abundance and spread in major producing areas. Fruits (Paris), 63(3):145-153. http://www.fruits-journal.org/
Unahawutti, U., Intarakumheng, R., Oonthonglang, P., Phankum, S., Follett, P. A., 2014. Nonhost status of mangosteen to Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand.Journal of Economic Entomology, 107(4) 1355-1361.
Vargas RI, Piñero JC, Leblanc L, 2015. An overview of pest species of bactrocera fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the integration of biopesticides with other biological approaches for their management with a focus on the Pacific region. Insects, 6(2):297-318. http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/6/2/297/htm
Vargas, R. I., Leblanc, L., Putoa, R., Eitam, A., 2007. Impact of introduction of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and classical biological control releases of Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on economically important fruit flies in French Polynesia.Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(3) 670-679.
Vargas, R. I., Leblanc, L., Putoa, R., Piñero, J. C., 2012. Population dynamics of three Bactrocera spp. fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and two introduced natural enemies, Fopius arisanus (Sonan) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), after an invasion by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in Tahiti.Biological Control, 60(2) 199-206.
Vargas, R. I., Piñero, J. C., Mau, R. F. L., Jang, E. B., Klungness, L. M., McInnis, D. O., Harris, E. B., McQuate, G. T., Bautista, R. C., Wong, L., 2010. Area-wide suppression of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, and the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, in Kamuela, Hawaii.Journal of Insect Science (Madison), 10135.
Vargas, R. I., Walsh, W. A., Jang, E. B., Armstrong, J. W., Kanehisa, D. T., 1996. Survival and development of immature stages of four Hawaiian fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared at five constant temperatures.Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 89(1) 64-69.
Vayssieres, J. F., Sinzogan, A., Korie, S., Ouagoussounon, I., Thomas-Odjo, A., 2009. Effectiveness of spinosad bait sprays (GF-120) in controlling mango-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Benin.Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(2) 515-521.
Vayssières J-F, 2004. Mission report of mango tephritid trapping in Senegal. Consultation for European Union. Brussels, Belgium: European Union.
Vayssières J-F, Sinzogan A, Bokonon-Ganta A, 2008. IITA-CIRAD Regional Control Fruit Fly Project in West Africa. Leaflet No. 2. The new invasive fruit fly species, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White. Cotonou & Montpellier, Benin & France: IITA & CIRAD, 4 pp.
Vayssières JF, Kalabane S, 2000. Inventory and fluctuations of the catches of Diptera Tephritidae associated with mangoes in Coastal Guinea. Fruits (Paris), 55(4):259-270.
Vayssières JF, Sanogo F, Noussourou M, 2004. Inventory of the fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) linked to the mango tree in Mali and tests of integrated control. (Inventaire des espèces de mouches des fruits (Diptera: Tephritidae) inféodées au manguier au Mali et essais de lutte raisonnée.) Fruits (Paris), 59(1):3-16.
Vayssières JF, Sinzogan A, Adandonon A, Rey JY, Dieng EO, Camara K, Sangaré M, Ouedraogo S, Hala N, Sidibé A, Keita Y, Gogovor G, Korie S, Coulibaly O, Kikissagbé C, Tossou A, Billah M, Biney K, Nobime O, Diatta P, N'Dépo R, Noussourou M, Traoré L, Saizonou S, Tamo M, 2014. Annual population dynamics of mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in West Africa: socio-economic aspects, host phenology and implications for management. Fruits (Paris), 69(3):207-222. http://www.fruits-journal.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9247395&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0248129414000115
Vayssières JF, Wharton R, Adandonon A, Sinzogan A, 2011. Preliminary inventory of parasitoids associated with fruit flies in mangoes, guavas, cashew pepper and wild fruit crops in Benin. BioControl, 56(1):35-43. http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=102853
Vayssières, J. F., Goergen, G., Lokossou, O., Dossa, P., Akponon, C., 2005. A new Bactrocera species in Benin among mango fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species.Fruits (Paris), 60(6) 371-377.
Vayssières, J. F., Goergen, G., Lokossou, O., Dossa, P., Akponon, C., 2009. A new Bactrocera species in Benin among mango fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species.Acta Horticulturae, No.820581-588. http://www.actahort.org
Vayssières, J. F., Meyer, M. de, Ouagoussounon, I., Sinzogan, A., Adandonon, A., Korie, S., Wargui, R., Anato, F., Houngbo, H., Didier, C., Bon, H. de, Goergen, G., 2015. Seasonal abundance of mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and ecological implications for their management in mango and cashew orchards in Benin (Centre & North).Journal of Economic Entomology, 108(5) 2213-2230.
Wang, J., Zeng, L., Han, Z., 2014. An Assessment of Cold Hardiness and Biochemical Adaptations for Cold Tolerance Among Different Geographic Populations of the Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China. Journal of Insect Science, 14(292)
Ware, A. B., Toit, C. L. N. du, Toit, E. du, Collins, R., Clowes, R., Ekesi, S., Mohamed, S. A., 2016. Host suitability of three avocado cultivars (Persea americana Miller: Lauraceae) to oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera (invadens) dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)).Crop Protection, 9084-89.
Waterhouse DF, 1993. Biological control: Pacific prospects - supplement 2. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR, 138 pp.
Waterhouse DF, 1993. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 21. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp.
Weldon, C. W., Schutze, M. K., Karsten, M., 2014. Trapping to monitor tephritid movement: results, best practice, and assessment of alternatives. Trapping and the detection, control, and regulation of Tephritid fruit flies: lures, aarea-wide programs, and trade implications [ed. by Shelly T, Epsky N, Jang EB, Reyes-Flores J, Vargas R]. New York, USA: Springer, 175-217.
Wharton RA, Gilstrap FE, 1983. Key to and status of opiine braconid (Hymenoptera) parasitoids used in biological control of Ceratitis and Dacus s.l. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 76(4):721-742
Wharton RH, 1989. Control; classical biological control of fruit-infesting Tephritidae, In: Robinson AS, Hooper G, eds. Fruit Flies; their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests 3(B). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 303-313.
White IM, 2006. Taxonomy of the Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Africa and the Middle East. African Entomology Memoir, No. 2:1-156. http://journals.sabinet.co.za/essa
White IM, Elson-Harris MM, 1992. Fruit flies of economic significance: their identification and bionomics. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 601 pp.
White IM, Hancock DL, 1997. CABIKEY to the Dacini (Diptera, Tephritidae) of the Asian, Pacific and Australasian Regions. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
White, I. M., Elson-Harris, M. M., 1994. Fruit flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Yong, H. S., 1994. Host Fruit Preferences in Two Sympatric Taxa of the Bactrocera Dorsalis Complex (insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). 1-8. http://103.5.180.193/kip/Record/um.u635744
Yugendra, K., Gopali, J. B., Athani, S. I., Tulsiram, K., 2020. Survey and surveillance of fruit fly on guava across Karnataka.Journal of Experimental Zoology, India, 23(1) 485-489. http://www.connectjournals.com/jez
Zain-ul-Aabdin Abro, Naheed Baloch, Memon, R. M., Khuhro, N. H., Soomro, Q. A., 2020. Population variations of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp. in mango orchards of Hyderabad and Larkana Sindh.Pure and Applied Biology, 9(1) 949-955.
van Mele P, Vayssières J-F, Tellingen E Van, Vrolijks J, 2007. Effects of an African weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda, in controlling mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Benin. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100((3)):695-701.
Mousumi Chowdhury, Dhriti Banerjee, Siddharth Singh, 2022. First record of Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Hedychium coronarium (family Zingiberaceae) from India.Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 122(2) 207-211.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © CABI. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This article is published under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
History
Published online: 14 December 2020
Language
English
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
SCITE_
Citations
Export citation
Select the format you want to export the citations of this publication.
EXPORT CITATIONSExport Citation
Citing Literature
- Ziyuan Li, Yan Li, Yuling Liang, Yixiang Qi, Yongyue Lu, Jiao Ma, Population Dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Four Counties of Yunnan, China, by Electronic Monitoring System, Insects, 10.3390/insects15080621, 15, 8, (621), (2024).
- Leila Bendifallah, Biotic Stressors in the Agricultural Ecosystem: Case of Invasive Species, Molecular Dynamics of Plant Stress and its Management, 10.1007/978-981-97-1699-9_11, (259-279), (2024).
- Li-Wei Meng, Guo-Rui Yuan, Meng-Ling Chen, Li-Sha Zheng, Wei Dou, Yu Peng, Wen-Jie Bai, Zhen-Yu Li, John Vontas, Jin-Jun Wang, Cuticular competing endogenous RNAs regulate insecticide penetration and resistance in a major agricultural pest, BMC Biology, 10.1186/s12915-023-01694-z, 21, 1, (2023).
- Enoch Selorm Kofi Ofori, Michael Yao Osae, Peter Kofi Kwapong, John Abraham, Population dynamics of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango orchards in the southeastern mango enclave of Ghana, International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 10.1007/s42690-023-01116-1, 43, 6, (2201-2213), (2023).
View Options
View options
Login Options
Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.