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27 August 2014

Datura metel (Hindu datura)

Datasheet Types: Crop, Invasive species, Host plant, Pest

Abstract

This datasheet on Datura metel covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name
Datura metel L.
Preferred Common Name
Hindu datura
Other Scientific Names
Datura alba NEES
Datura fastuosa L.
International Common Names
English
cornucopia
datura
Devil's trumpet
downy thorn-apple
garden datura
Hindu thorn-apple
hoary thorn-apple
horn-of-plenty
jimson weed
Jimson-weed
metel
purple datura
purple moonflower
purple thorn-apple
thorn apple
yellow-flowered thorn-apple
Spanish
burladora
French
herbe diable
stramoine metel
Chinese
yang jin hua
Portuguese
burbiaca
Local Common Names
Bahamas
prickly-bur
Brazil
trombeteira-roxa
Caribbean
David bush
trompette du jugement
Cook Islands
paoro-rouru
ponikarapu
puave
rakau paoro-rouru
rakau ponikarapu
Cuba
clarin
clarin blanco
clarin morado
Dominican Republic
buenas tardes
chamico
chamisco
cornicopio
cornucopio
floribunda
guanábana cimarrona
French Polynesia
puaoe
Germany
Metel- Stechapfel
Japan
hime-togarasi
Kiribati
te uri ni tiana
Korea, Republic of
huindogmalpul
Myanmar
horn of plenty
pa-daing-byu
pa-daing-khata
pa-daing-ni
Niue
hiapo
Puerto Rico
chamisco amarillo
chamisco morado
Sweden
indisk spikklubba
EPPO code
DATME (Datura metel)

Summary of Invasiveness

The poisonous herb D. metel is invasive to many tropical regions including Cuba (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012), the Galapagos Islands, Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Hawaii, New Caledonia, the Seychelles, Niue, China, and Taiwan (Randall, 2012) as well as parts of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (Lusweti et al., 2011). It is a declared noxious weed in Australia, and is a principal weed in Ghana and India (Holm et al., 1979). It is listed in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012) as an agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, and weed. The species is widespread in both the Old World and New World tropics but its origin is unclear (see History of Introduction section). The risk of introducing this species is very high; it produces numerous viable seeds, is widely cultivated beyond its native range in tropical regions, is known to have escaped cultivation and, due to its high level of alkaloids, is violently harmful to both human and animal health (Funk et al., 2007; Randall, 2012; PIER, 2014). The species is included in the US Food and Drug Administration’s Poisonous Plant Database and in Pammel’s Manual of Poisonous Plants (Pammel, 1911; FDA, 2014).

Taxonomic Tree

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Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Solanaceae, the Nightshade family, consists of 90 genera and 3000-4000 species with great variation in habit and distributed on all continents except Antarctica, with the majority of species diversity in Central and South America (PBI Solanum Project, 2014). This family includes some of the world’s most important crop plant species, including potatoes, peppers, and tomatoes, as well as some of the world’s deadliest plant species, including belladonna, jimsonweed, oleander, Satan’s-apple, and henbane.
The earliest account of a Datura species was written by the eleventh century physician Avicenna, who referred to it as ‘jouz-mathel’, or ‘metel nut’; this description was later translated by Dioscorides, and two centuries later by Linnaeus by the name Datura metel (Safford, 1920). The genus name Datura derives from the Indian vernacular names for Acivenna’s jouzmathel, dhatura and dutra,while the English name ‘angel’s trumpet’ refers to the typical shapes of their flowers (Safford, 1920; Smith, 1971).
Members of the Datura genus contain dangerous levels of alkaloids, and some such as D. metel and the type species D. stramonium are violently narcotic and poisonous to humans. One of the vernacular names which Datura metel shares with other Datura species including D. stramonium is jimsonweed, which derives from a 1705 incident in Jamestown, Virginia in which British soldiers under Captain John Smith accidentally ate Datura leaves in a salad and went mad for 11 days (Simpson and Ogorzaly, 2001; Holstege et al, 2011).
Datura metel sensu Britton & P. Wilson has been determined to be a synonym of Datura inoxia Mill. (IPNI, 2014)

Plant Type

Annual
Herbaceous
Seed propagated
Shrub

Description

Stout annual herb, branching above, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, in juvenile phase large and coarse, later leaves often 6-12 cm long, 3-8 cm wide, margins entire to sinuate dentate, apex acute to acuminate, base oblique, petioles 2-5 cm long. Flowers solitary in stem forks, peduncles 5-10 mm long; calyx angularly tubular, 5-lobed, ca. 5 cm long, the lobes triangular, 1-1.5 cm long; corolla single, double, or triple, white, purple, or yellowish, up to ca. 15(-20) cm long, the lobes terminated by a pointed tip 1 cm long; stamens 5 or more; anthers 10 mm long; ovary ca. 6 mm long; style up to 10 cm long; stigma laterally flattened. Capsules globose to ovate, ca. 5 cm in diameter, inclined, tuberculate or with short conical spines, opening irregularly, persistent calyx base somewhat thickened. Seeds numerous, yellowish brown, flattened, obovoid, 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, elaiosome large, endosperm present [Wagner et al., 2014a].

Distribution

D. metel is widespread in both the Old World and New World tropics. In the Neotropics, the species is cultivated in Mesoamerica (Gentry and D’Arcy, 1986) and occurs in cultivation or as a cultivation escape in Nicaragua, Suriname and French Guiana (Funk et al., 2007; Flora of Nicaragua, 2014). The species is considered exotic to the West Indies (Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong, 2012). Although Boldingh (1909) previously reported the species as present in Brazil, it was not included in Forzza et al.’s (2010) flora of Brazil. In Panama, the species is apparently a rare cultivation. It was observed cultivated in only one lowland district, but reports from residents of the Volca'n District (1200-2000 m) suggested that the plant, described as a purple "floripondio", was occasionally cultivated there many years ago (Flora of Panama, 2014).
In the Philippines, Singapore, and other parts of the Pacific D. metel is grown occasionally as an ornamental and propagated by seeds (Madulid, 1995). An-ming (1986) reported the species as exotic to China but widely cultivated for medicinal use.

Distribution Map

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Distribution Table

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History of Introduction and Spread

D. metel is widely cultivated and naturalized pantropically. Its origin is uncertain due to its long history of cultivation, with reports of it being native to tropical Asia (Liogier and Martorell, 2000), southern Indo-China (Floridata, 2014; Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014), the Caribbean (Wiersema and Leon, 1999), Mexico (Flora of Nicaragua, 2014), or Central America (Pelser et al., 2014; Wagner et al., 2014). The species was not included in Urban’s work on the West Indies (1898-1928), but it was present in Puerto Rico by 1881 (Bello Espinosa, 1881). It was present in St. Croix, St. Eustatius and St. Martin by 1909 (Boldingh, 1909), Curacao and Aruba of the Dutch West Indies by 1914 (Boldingh, 1914), Bermuda by 1918 (Britton, 1918) and the Bahamas by 1920 (Britton and Millspaugh, 1920). According to Britton and Wilson (1926), by 1926 the species was present in St. Thomas, St. Jan, and Tortola, in the southeastern United States, in the West Indies south to Martinique and Margarita, in continental tropical America and in the Old World tropics. While the species was recorded for St. John by Britton and Wilson (1926) as syn. D. fastuosa,Acevedo-Rodriguez (1996) reports this was apparently based on a cultivated plant and the species has actually not been seen in recent times. 

Risk of Introduction

Based on current literature, risk of introduction of this species is very high. A risk assessment prepared for Hawaii gave D. metel a high score of 21 (score of 6 or higher = reject for import to Hawaii, or likely to be a major pest) (PIER, 2014). It is listed in Holm et al.’s (1979) atlas of world weeds as a principal weed in Ghana and India. The species is invasive to many tropical regions including Cuba (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012), the Galapagos Islands, Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, the Seychelles, Niue, China, and Taiwan (Randall, 2012), as well as parts of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (Lusweti et al., 2011), and is known to be a cultivation escape in Suriname and French Guiana (Funk et al., 2007). Invasive traits include production of numerous viable seeds, widespread cultivation beyond its native range in tropical regions, being a known cultivation escape (Funk et al., 2007; Randall, 2012) and, due to its high level of alkaloids, status as a significant health threat to both human and animal health; the species is included in the US Food and Drug Administration’s Poisonous Plant Database (FDA, 2014) and in Pammel’s Manual of Poisonous Plants (Pammel, 1911). Furthermore the species was reported as a fire weed in parts of the West Indies (Boldingh, 1909). Considering the harmful effects to both the environment and human and animal health, extreme caution must be taken when cultivating this species, and in some places where it is vigorously invasive such as Australia and Kiribati, measures have already been taken to manage the species or prohibit it from import and cultivation (Space and Imada, 2004; Randall, 2012; WAOL, 2014).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

The seeds of D. metel are viable, small and numerous, and can be easily transported by water or soil movement. The species can reproduce both by seed and by vegetative fragmentation, and these propagules are likely to be dispersed as a produce contaminant. Its thorny fruits can easily attach to clothes and footwear, motor vehicles, and be carried by animals. In addition to intentional introduction by cultivation around the world, D. metel is known to have escaped cultivation and become naturalized outside of its native range (PIER, 2014).

Pathway Causes

Pathway causeNotesLong distanceLocalReferences
Botanical gardens and zoos (pathway cause)Species has a long history of pantropical cultivation, both locally and commerciallyYesYes
Disturbance (pathway cause)Species is often found growing sporadically in disturbed areasYesYes 
Escape from confinement or garden escape (pathway cause)Can spread by both seed and vegetative fragmentationYesYes
Garden waste disposal (pathway cause)Can spread by both seed and vegetative fragmentationYesYes
Hitchhiker (pathway cause) YesYes
Medicinal use (pathway cause)Widely used in traditional medicine, particularly in Asia Yes
Research (pathway cause)Species has been subject of medicinal research for its high alkaloid contentYesYes 

Pathway Vectors

Pathway vectorNotesLong distanceLocalReferences
Clothing, footwear and possessions (pathway vector) YesYes
Machinery and equipment (pathway vector) YesYes
Soil, sand and gravel (pathway vector)Can be transported via soil attached to clothing, vehicles, machinery, etc.YesYes

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Datura spp. are similar to members of the Brugmansia genus, which has resulted in confusion between the two. The trumpet flowers of Brugmansia plants are larger and can last for several days, whereas the flowers of Datura plants open in the evening and bloom over the course of a single day before withering (Floridata, 2014; Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014). Also, Datura species are annual whereas Brugmansia plants are perennial (Lusweti et al., 2011).

Habitat

Aside from cultivation, D. metel is generally found at lower elevations in disturbed and waste areas. In the Pacific, in Fiji the species is both cultivated and naturalized as a weed of waste places and sandy beaches (PIER, 2014), while in Hawai‘i it is occasionally cultivated and sparingly naturalized in low elevation, open, dry, disturbed areas (Wagner et al, 2014a). In Niue the species is fairly common and both planted and allowed to escape cultivation (PIER, 2014).
In the West Indies, the species’ habitat is similar. In Puerto Rico it occurs in thickets and waste ground, growing spontaneously after having escaped cultivation (Liogier and Martorell, 2000). In Bolivia it occurs in semi-deciduous forests (Bolivia Checklist, 2014), and in Bermuda and the Bahamas it has been recorded growing in waste ground (Britton, 1918; Britton and Millspaugh, 1920).
In Eastern Africa, the species is more common at the coast and is cultivated in gardens and farmland (Lusweti et al., 2011).
In the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, the species occasionally escapes to railroad tracks or waste ground (Mountain, 1987).

Habitat List

CategorySub categoryHabitatPresenceStatus
Terrestrial    
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedCultivated / agricultural landPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedCultivated / agricultural landPresent, no further detailsNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedCultivated / agricultural landPresent, no further detailsProductive/non-natural
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedProtected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production)Present, no further detailsProductive/non-natural
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedDisturbed areasPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedDisturbed areasPresent, no further detailsNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedRail / roadsidesPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedRail / roadsidesPresent, no further detailsNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedUrban / peri-urban areasPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedUrban / peri-urban areasPresent, no further detailsNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedUrban / peri-urban areasPresent, no further detailsProductive/non-natural
TerrestrialTerrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-naturalNatural forestsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
TerrestrialTerrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-naturalNatural forestsPresent, no further detailsNatural
Littoral Coastal areasPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Littoral Coastal areasPresent, no further detailsNatural

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

2n = 24, 48 (Wagner et al, 2014).

Environmental Requirements

The species is drought tolerant but does best in full sun and rich, well-drained loamy soil with regular moisture and high humus content (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014). It can tolerate a range of soil types including sandy and loamy, with pH range from neutral to very alkaline (PFAF, 2014).
The species generally prefers lower elevations. In Nicaragua, D. metel  has been recorded to occur at 0-900 m (Flora of Nicaragua, 2014) while in in Bolivia the species occurs in the lowland forests, at 0-500 m (Bolivia Checklist, 2014) and in Antioquia, Colombia between 0 and 1000 m (Vascular Plants of Antioquia, 2014). In China it has been reported at higher elevations, 1200-2100 m (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014). In Panama, the species was observed cultivated from 0 to 1000 m with local reports suggesting the species was once cultivated at 1200-2000 m (Flora of Panama, 2014). In Eastern Africa, the species occurs in altitudes ranging from 50 to 2200 m and is more common at the coast (Lusweti et al., 2011).

Climate

Climate typeDescriptionPreferred or toleratedRemarks
Af - Tropical rainforest climate> 60mm precipitation per monthPreferred 
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer< 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])Preferred 
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate< 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])Preferred 
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summerWarm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summersPreferred 

Soil Tolerances

Soil texture > light
Soil texture > medium
Soil reaction > neutral
Soil reaction > alkaline
Soil reaction > very alkaline
Soil drainage > free

List of Pests

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Impact Summary

CategoryImpact
Cultural/amenityPositive and negative
Environment (generally)Negative
Human healthPositive and negative

Impact: Environmental

D. metel has a negative impact on the environment and on human and animal health. It is invasive to many tropical regions including Cuba (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012), the Galapagos Islands, Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, the Seychelles, Niue, China, and Taiwan (Randall, 2012) and is a principal weed in Ghana and India (Holm et al., 1979). The species does not have a climbing or smothering growth habit and does not form dense thickets, but it does produce burrs, as well as numerous viable seeds, and has been reported to be a fire weed in some parts of the West Indies (Boldingh, 1909). 

Impact: Social

All members of the Datura genus contain alkaloids violently harmful to both human and animal health. While D. metel has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and traditional medicine in China, India, and Asia (see, e.g., An-ming, 1986; Jain and Borthakur, 1986; Ratsch, 1998) and in cultural and religious ceremonies (Ratsch, 1998), the species is included in the US Food and Drug Administration’s Poisonous Plant Database (FDA, 2014) and in Pammel’s Manual of Poisonous Plants (Pammel, 1911). Like other members of the Datura genus, due to the high alkaloid content D. metel induces narcotic, hallucinogenic, comatic, and potentially lethal effects upon ingestion of any plant part; symptoms can occur within 30-60 minutes of ingestion of a Datura plant part (Holstege et al., 2011).  

Risk and Impact Factors

Invasiveness

Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
Reproduces asexually

Impact outcomes

Negatively impacts agriculture
Negatively impacts human health
Negatively impacts animal health

Impact mechanisms

Causes allergic responses
Produces spines, thorns or burrs

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant

Uses

D. metel is known as an ornamental and cultivation escape, but perhaps is most famous for being a member of the hallucinogen-causing Datura genus, used for centuries by shamans in Native American and Mexican cultures in oracular and initiatory ceremonies, and to which scholars have attributed the claims of medieval witches of being able to fly on broomsticks (Safford, 1920; Harvey and Wallis, 2007). The alkaloids, especially hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and atropine, are found in all plant parts but are concentrated in the seeds. The species has been used both for medicine and in medicinal research, and is known to be a vile poison to mammals (Wiersema and Leon, 1999; PIER, 2014; USDA-ARS, 2014).
The traditional medicinal uses of this species are numerous, and some are listed here. An-ming (1986) reports the species as exotic to China but widely cultivated for its flowers, which contain tropane alkaloids and are used as an analgesic, and are smoked to relieve cough and suppress asthma (Jain and Borthakur, 1986). In India the plant is used to treat headaches, sores, mumps, dropsy, epilepsy, convulsions, smallpox, and venereal diseases, and the leaves are made into a poultice to relieve rheumatic pain (Jasin and Borthakur, 1986). Seeds are pounded and used in a paste to treat leprosy. Ayurveda and Siddha practitioners use oil based preparations of this plant for all types of wounds, a use that is supported by scientific evidence (Priya et al., 2002). Ratsch (1998) provides further medicinal uses of the plant in India.
The powdered or dried seeds or leaves are rolled with Cannabis sativa for inebriating purposes, for ritualistic or recreational use (Jain and Borthakur, 1986; Ratsch, 1998). The fruits and flowers are also made into sacrificial garlands and left in the temples of Shiva, especially in Varanasi, Shiva’s sacred city (Ratsch, 1998).
In Africa D. metel is known to be used as a poison (Ratsch, 1998), just as many other members of the genus are infamous for their use in criminal activities in the past, notably the case of Hawley Harvey Crippin, who murdered his wife by feeding her Datura plant parts due to marriage problems (Holstege et al., 2011). Safford (1920) provided a detailed account the uses of Datura species around the world for their narcotic properties in ceremonies as well as for use as a poison, for example: “the seeds are parched and reduced to a fine powder which is easily mixed with various articles of food, tobacco, etc., and that an essence is prepared by distilling the seeds with water, 10 drops of which is sufficient to render a man insensible for two days” (Stafford, 1920).
Recent research reported that extracts from the leaves of D. metel could be used as an insecticide against aphids and black ants (Kuganathan et al., 2007).

Uses List

General > Ornamental
Materials > Pesticide
Medicinal, pharmaceutical > Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
Medicinal, pharmaceutical > Traditional/folklore
Drugs, stimulants, social uses > Hallucinogen
Drugs, stimulants, social uses > Narcotic
Drugs, stimulants, social uses > Psychoactive
Drugs, stimulants, social uses > Religious
Drugs, stimulants, social uses > Smoking
Ornamental > Propagation material

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Eradication

According to Space and Imada (2004), in Kiribati the species was the subject of an eradication program, and agricultural officers have removed it whenever it is found, which “seems to have been quite effective in reducing the population to very low numbers; it was previously reported on Butaritari by Fosberg in 1979, but was not seen in 2004 and has perhaps been eradicated” (Space and Imada, 2004).

Control

Mountain (1987) suggests: “Remove Datura plants before they flower and produce seed. Jimsonweed seedlings emerge intermittently during the growing season, so monitoring and repeated pulling may be required. Once an area is infested, new seedlings will spring up for several years. If individual plants are pulled, wear gloves to avoid plant contact with skin and eyes. Jimsonweed is controlled in agricultural crops with preemergence and postemergence herbicides” (Mountain, 1987).

Links to Websites

NameURLComment
Catalogue of Seed Plants of the West Indieshttp://botany.si.edu/antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm 
FDA Poisonous Plant Databasehttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/plantox/ 
Flora of the Hawaiian Islands websitehttp://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/index.htm 
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gatewayhttps://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)http://griis.org/Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.

Organizations

NameAddressCountryURL
International Brugmansia and Datura SocietyIBADSP.O. Box 121236Clermont,
Florida 34712-1236
USAhttp://ibrugs.com/

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Published online: 27 August 2014

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Marianne Jennifer Datiles
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez

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