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19 November 2019

Hylobius abietis (large pine weevil)

Datasheet Types: Pest, Natural enemy, Invasive species

Abstract

This datasheet on Hylobius abietis covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name
Hylobius abietis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Preferred Common Name
large pine weevil
Other Scientific Names
Curculio abietis Linnaeus, 1758
Curculio pini Marsham, 1802
Hylobitelus abietis (Linnaeus, 1758)
International Common Names
English
fir-tree weevil
large brown pine weevil
Spanish
gorgojo del abeto
French
charançon de l'épinette
charançon européen
grand charançon du pin
hylobe du pin
Russian
bolshoy sosnovy dolgonosik
Local Common Names
Czech Republic
klikoroh borovy
Denmark
n'lletróssnudebillen
Estonia
männikärsakas
Finland
tukkimiehentäin
Germany
grosser brauner Rüsselkäfer
Ruesselkaefer, Grosser Brauner
Ruessler, Grosser Brauner Nadelholz-
Hungary
nagy fenyoormanyos
Italy
all'ilobio dell'abete
Ilobio dell'abete
Latvia
priezu lielais smecernieks
Lithuania
didysis pusinis straubliukas
Netherlands
Grote dennesnuitkever
Norway
gransnutebillen
Poland
szeliniak sosnowiec
Romania
trombarul puietilor de molid
Sweden
snyttbage
EPPO code
HYLOAB (Hylobius abietis)

Pictures

Adult weevil.
Adult
Adult weevil.
©Rune Axelsson

Taxonomic Tree

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Description

The egg is less than 1 mm long and less than 0.5 mm wide, pearly-white and oval (Salisbury and Leather, 1998).The cream-coloured larva is soft, curved and legless. It has a large, light-brown head, with strong mandibles, which are flattened and as wide as the first segment of the body. Mature larvae are 10-15 mm long. There are five larval instars; the widths of the head capsule measure 0.6-0.8 mm (first instar), 0.9-1.1 mm (second instar), 1.1-1.7 mm (third instar), 1.6-2.5 mm (fourth instar) and 2.5-3.5 mm (fifth instar) (Bakke and Lekander, 1965).The pupa is 8-10 mm long, exarate (appendages are free) and unpigmented. The adult is 9-15 mm long. A hard chitinous covering protects the body. The wing cases, which completely cover the abdomen, are purple-brown in young adults and later become black. There are patches of yellow scales on the wing cases and on the thorax. The thorax is slightly broader than it is long, strongly convex and constricted at the front. The surface of the thorax is punctured and wrinkled with a raised central line. The head is extended to form a strong snout with mandibles at the tip. The antennae are elbowed and attached to the snout near the end. The large eyes are positioned on either side at the base of the snout. The legs have sharp claws with a strong tooth on the inner edge of each femur.

Distribution

H. abietis is a pest of coniferous plantations in many European countries. It also occurs in Russia, Japan and China.

Distribution Map

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Distribution Table

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Wood Packaging

Not known container or packing
Loose wood packing material
Non-wood
Processed or treated wood
Solid wood packing material with bark
Solid wood packing material without bark

Hosts/Species Affected

H. abietis beetles are polyphagous and can damage almost all species of coniferous and some deciduous trees. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is the preferred food plant, followed by Norway spruce (Picea abies). Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) are also attractive food sources for H. abietis (Långström, 1982; Kuziemska-Grzeczka, 1985; Wilson and Day, 1996). Less damage is observed on beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus robur) seedlings (Lof et al., 2000).

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

Growth Stages

Seedling stage
Vegetative growing stage

Symptoms

Between April and September, beetles of H. abietis feed on the bark of coniferous seedlings and remove patches of bark and phloem tissue. The coalescence of bare patches can lead to the death of seedlings due to stem girdling (Leather et al., 1999). H. abietis beetles chew patches in the bark of stems and lateral shoots of seedlings. This can cause the deformation of young trees and even lead to their death. The insect also feeds on the bark and needles of young shoots in older stands.

List of Symptoms/Signs

Symptom or signLife stagesSign or diagnosisDisease stage
Plants/Leaves/wilting   
Plants/Stems/external feeding   
Plants/Whole plant/external feeding   
Plants/Whole plant/plant dead; dieback   
Plants/Whole plant/seedling blight   

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

The beetles and larvae of H. abietis are similar in appearance to all Pissodes sp., especially Pissodes notatus [Pissodes castaneus] and Pissodes pini, which also occur in forest plantations. The adults may be easily distinguished by the position of the antennae on the snout, which are near the tip in H. abietis and near the middle in Pissodes. H. abietis and Pissodes beetles also differ in the shape and arrangement of the groups of hairs forming patterns on the wing cases. In Pissodes these hairs are short, broad and are arranged in definite broad bands, whereas in H. abietis they are long, narrow and arranged in small groups in short, irregular lines. Pissodes beetles are generally smaller. Within Pissodes sp., only P. pini develops in the bark of felled trees or in stumps and the larvae can be confused with those of H. abietis. The larvae of H. abietis differ from those of Pissodes; their heads are large, flattened and almost as wide as the first segment of the body whereas the head of Pissodes larvae is more rounded and much smaller in relation to the body.

Biology and Ecology

H. abietis damages coniferous seedlings when planting is carried out on 1- to 3-year-old clear cuttings. In spring or early summer, the beetles migrate by flight or by walking to clear cuttings from adjoining stands. They are attracted by volatiles (mainly alpha-pinene and ethanol) emanating from the resin of fresh conifer stumps left during clear-felling (Tilles et al., 1986). These stumps act as a base for breeding by H. abietis and development from egg to imago takes place there. Solbreck and Gyldberg (1979) showed that large numbers (90%) of beetles fly in the evenings when the air temperature is above 18.5°C and the wind speed is less than 3 m/s. During the flight period, beetles can cover distances of more than 10 km and migration consists of repeated flights. H. abietis tends to display two peaks of mass occurrence, which lead to higher levels of damage caused by the beetles. The first peak takes place from April in central Europe to June in northern Europe and corresponds to the emergence of overwintering pine weevils. The feeding activity of beetles is dependent on temperature and, in the laboratory, optimum temperatures oscillate between 19 and 28°C (Christiansen and Bakke, 1968). Very little feeding activity is observed at temperatures below 10 and above 30°C. Under extremely warm conditions, for example in mid-summer and in places exposed to direct solar radiation, the feeding activity of beetles is strongly nocturnal (Christiansen and Bakke, 1971).In conifer plantations, the pine weevils feed on the phloem and browse the bark of stems and lateral shoots of seedlings, which can lead to the deformation or death of trees. The beetles can also feed on slash or branches of conifers lying on the ground and can eat the bark of branches in the crowns of standing trees located at the edge of clear cuttings (Örlander et al., 2000). Crown feeding mainly takes place during the spring and summer when the pine weevils migrate to new breeding sites. The beetles are polyphagous but Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Picea sitchensis and species of Larch are the most attractive food sources.Between late May and early July the females lay eggs in niches chewed in the bark of roots of fresh coniferous stumps. Eggs can also be laid in the soil and newly-hatched larvae are able to find roots due to host odour (Salisbury and Leather, 1998). In the vegetative season, H. abietis females may lay about 100 eggs (Korczynski, 1985). Females prefer to oviposit in pine rather than spruce and development of H. abietis is slower in spruce stumps than in pine (Långström, 1982). The larvae feed on tissues of the inner bark and the cambium, forming a tunnel of increasing diameter. Fully grown, fifth-instar larvae, that are ready to pupate, excavate pupal chambers between the bark and wood or in the wood. The time required for completion of the life cycle of H. abietis from egg to adult emergence depends on a combination of locality factors and weather conditions. The life cycle is completed in 1 year in sunny or moderately sheltered areas and 2 years in shaded areas (Kuziemska-Grzeczka, 1984). In colder climates, larval development generally takes 2 years but can take up to 5 years (Långström, 1982). On the basis of laboratory studies and field observations, the optimum temperature for development of H. abietis larvae was found to oscillate between 20 and 25°C; development takes 40 days at 23°C (Christiansen, 1971b). Under warm summer conditions there is a second mass occurrence of H. abietis beetles in the growing season between late July and early September, resulting from the emergence of adults from eggs laid in late spring to early summer. Larvae of the final instar may enter a diapause lasting 60 to 220 days when exposed to temperatures between 10 and 20°C (Eidmann, 1963); this leads to the extension of H. abietis development into the following spring.

Natural enemy of

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Notes on Natural Enemies

Fungi

In Sweden and the UK, the fungus, Beauveria bassiana, was isolated from H. abietis larvae and adults (Gerdin, 1977; Leather et al., 1999). The fungus was found on H. abietis in the field and its biological activity was confirmed in laboratory experiments (Gerdin; 1977; Wegensteiner and Führer, 1988).

Parasitoids

Bracon hylobii is a common parasitoid of H. abietis larvae and has been described in Sweden, UK, Denmark and Germany (Henry and Day, 2001). In the UK, it appears wherever the larvae of H. abietis are found and can cause up to 50% mortality of the large pine weevil population developing in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) stumps during 3 years after felling. In Sweden and former Czechoslovakia, Perilitus areolaris has been reported as a parasitoid of H. abietis beetles (Gerdin and Hedqvist, 1985; Stary et al., 1988). Field evidence in Czechoslovakia indicated that P. areolaris is an effective parasitoid and was found in 15-16% of collected beetles. In Poland, Perilitus rutilus was described as a parasite of H. abietis and parasitized about 2.5% of adults (Korczynski, 1984).

Nematodes

The entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora have been described as parasites of the beetles and larvae of H. abietis in Sweden and the UK (Pye and Burman, 1977; Brixey, 1997). S. carpocapsae has been found on the host in the field. Laboratory and field studies have shown its biological activity against H. abietis. S. feltiae was described as a natural enemy of H. abietis on the basis of laboratory experiments (Pye and Burman, 1977; Pye and Pye, 1985; Brixey, 1997; Skrzecz, 1998; Armendáriz et al., 2000).

Predators

Studies conducted in the UK indicated that Pterostichus madidus were able to consume larvae of H. abietis during their migration through the soil (Salisbury and Leather, 1998).

Natural enemies

Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensisPathogen     
Beauveria bassiana (white muscardine fungus)Pathogen
Adults
Larvae
    
Bracon hylobiiParasite
Larvae
    
Nosema hylobiiPathogen
Larvae
    
Paenibacillus popilliae (milky disease of insects)Pathogen     
Perilitus areolarisParasite
Adults
    
Perilitus rutilusParasite
Adults
    
Podapolipus komarekiParasite     
Pterostichus madidus (ground beetle, strawberry)Predator
Larvae
    
Steinernema carpocapsaeParasite
Adults
Larvae
    
Steinernema feltiaeParasite
Adults
Larvae
    
Stigmacarus lukoschusiParasite     

Impact

H. abietis is a pest of great economic importance damaging young conifer plantations. In the UK, the protection of forest plantations against beetles of H. abietis costs the Forestry Commission approximately £2 million per annum (Leather et al., 1999). In the absence of control measures, more than 50% of all planted trees will die in the first few years of establishment (Heritage and Moore, 2000). In Northern Ireland, damage is highly variable and on some sites it may be minimal whereas on others it may cause the death of up to 90% of newly-planted seedlings (Wilson and Day, 1996). In southern and central Sweden, reforestations planted with unprotected conifer seedlings revealed an average of over 30% plant mortality caused by H. abietis after the first 2 years (Eidmann, 1981).

Detection and Inspection

Estimations of the number of H. abietis adults in forest plantations are based on catches of beetles in traps made from freshly cut pine billets, slices of fresh bark or baited pitfall traps containing food attractant (Nordlander, 1987; Kolk, 1994). The traps should be installed throughout coniferous plantations from the beginning of April to September and should be inspected every week to monitor the number of H. abietis beetles.

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Physical Control

To directly reduce the number of pine weevils, freshly cut and split billets or pieces of fresh pine or spruce bark are used (Långström, 1982; Leather et al., 1999). In Sweden and Poland, traps with food attractant were developed for capturing H. abietis beetles (Nordlander, 1987; Kolk, 1994). In Sweden, experiments have been conducted to use available synthetic anti-feedant compounds to protect seedlings against H. abietis (Klepzig and Schlyter, 1999).

Chemical Control

The most common method of protecting forest plantations against H. abietis is by using chemicals. This consists of dipping the above-ground parts of the seedlings in insecticides immediately before planting or using post-planting sprays (Glowacka et al., 1991; Heritage, 1997; Tortensson et al., 1999).

Biological Control

Studies aimed at the development of biological methods based on micro-organisms pathogenic to H. abietis have been conducted in many countries but at present none have been put into practice. In the UK, experiments have focused on using nematodes against H. abietis. It was found that these parasites may be used in the long-term suppression of H. abietis populations (Brixey, 1997). Experiments were carried out in Poland using Phlebiopsis gigantea, a fungus that decomposes pine stumps, to estimate the impact of P. gigantea on the colonization of pine stumps by H. abietis (Skrzecz, 1996). Results indicated that the infection of pine stumps by P. gigantea reduces their colonisation intensity by H. abietis. Application of the fungus may protect plants by reducing the number of large pine weevil larvae developing in the stumps.

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