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18 September 2024

Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop)

Datasheet Types: Pest, Invasive Species, Host Plant

Abstract

This datasheet on Leptochloa chinensis covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control and Further Information.

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name
Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, 1824
Preferred Common Name
Chinese sprangletop
Other Scientific Names
Leptochloa decipiens (R. Br.) Druce
Leptochloa malabarica Retz., 1789
Poa chinensis L., 1753
Poa decipiens R. Br.
International Common Names
English
Asian sprangletop
Local Common Names
Indonesia
bebontengan
timoenan
Japan
azegaya
Philippines
malay-palay
Thailand
ya-dock-kao
ya-yang-khou
Vietnam
cò duoi phung
China
qian jin zi
EPPO code
LEFCH (Leptochloa chinensis)

Pictures

Habit of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
Habit
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Habit. Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
©Jacy Chen/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Habit of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Ziguan District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan September 2020.
Habit
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Habit. Ziguan District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan September 2020.
Public Domain - Released by 葉子 (leaf0605)/via iNaturalist - CC0 1.0
Habit of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
Habit
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Habit. Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
©Jacy Chen/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Habit of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
Habit
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Habit. Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
©Jacy Chen/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Inflorescence of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
Inflorescence
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Inflorescence. Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
©Jacy Chen/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Inflorescence of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
Inflorescence
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Inflorescence. Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
©Jacy Chen/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Inflorescence of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Singapore. June 2024.
Inflorescence
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Inflorescence. Singapore. June 2024.
©Scallions/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Spikelets of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Singapore. June 2024.
Spikelets
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Spikelets. Singapore. June 2024.
©Scallions/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Spikelets detail of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Singapore. June 2024.
Spikelets
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Spikelets detail. Singapore. June 2024.
©Scallions/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Ligule detail of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Singapore. June 2024.
Ligule
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Ligule detail. Singapore. June 2024.
©Scallions/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Stem and ligule of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Fuxing Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. July 2020.
Stem
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Stem and ligule. Fuxing Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. July 2020.
©Chiuluan/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Leaf of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Singapore. June 2024.
Leaf
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Leaf. Singapore. June 2024.
©Scallions/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Base of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
Base
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Base. Shetou Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. September 2021.
©Jacy Chen/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Base of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop). Fuxing Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. July 2020.
Base
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Base. Fuxing Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. July 2020.
©Chiuluan/via iNaturalist - CC BY 4.0
Spikelets of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop) have between 3 and 7 flowers, usually 5-6. Flowers 2.0-3.5 x 0.8-1.3 mm, often purplish, appressed to primary branches.
Spikelets - line drawing
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Spikelets have between 3 and 7 flowers, usually 5-6. Flowers 2.0-3.5 x 0.8-1.3 mm, often purplish, appressed to primary branches.
NOVARTIS
Ligules of Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop) 1-2 mm long with setaceous hairs on the adaxial surface, deeply divided into hairlike segments, erose.
Ligule - line drawing
Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop); Ligules 1-2 mm long with setaceous hairs on the adaxial surface, deeply divided into hairlike segments, erose.
NOVARTIS

Diseases Table

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Summary of Invasiveness

Leptochloa chinensis belongs to Poaceae, Chloridoideae. It is a very harmful annual weed in paddy fields.

Taxonomic Tree

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Plant Type

Annual
Seed / spore propagated
Grass / sedge
Herbaceous

Description

Leptochloa chinensis is a strongly tufted, annual or short-lived perennial grass with glabrous leaves and fibrous roots. Its flowering culms are erect or ascending from a branching base. They are occasionally stoloniferous and 0.3-1.2 m tall. They have 3-6 nodes which have glabrous internodes that are smooth, grooved and striate and hollow. The leaf sheaths are keeled, glabrous, smooth, not ciliate, distinctly nerved and usually longer than the associated internodes. The leaf blade is linear, acute, membranous, green and slightly glaucous. It is 6-32 cm long, 4-9 mm wide, flat or folded, glabrous and rough on the upper surface. The ligules are 1-2 mm long with setaceous hairs on the adaxial surface. They are deeply divided into hairlike segments and erose. The inflorescence forms an open panicle 15-60 cm long, with numerous, slender, flexuous branches. Axis is 10-40 cm long, grooved and scabrous with glabrous axils. The panicle has ascending primary branches which are slender and not winged. They are 2-13 cm long, distinctly grooved and bear spikelets to the base. The pedicels are 0.4-1 mm long and minutely scabrous on the margins. The spikelets have between 3 and 7 flowers but usually 5-6 flowers are present. These are 2.0-3.5 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide and are often purplish and appressed to the primary branches. The rachilla is filiform and glabrous with similar florets which are perfect, reduced upwards and overlapping. The glumes are shorter than the lemmas. The first glume is usually shorter than the second. It has a single nerve and is 0.6-1.5 mm long. It is hyaline to membranous but scabrous on the nerve and lanceolate. The apex is acuminate. The second glume is 0.9-2.4 mm long and 3-nerved. It is keeled and otherwise similar to the lower glume. Disarticulation occurs above the glumes and between the florets. The lemmas are 3-nerved, not deeply cleft; they are 0.8-3-2 mm long and 0.4-0.55 mm wide. Lemmas are membranous to hyaline with minutely scabrous nerves. They are hairy on the surface and margins and oblong to elliptic in shape with acute to obtuse points. The palea, which is shorter than the lemma, is scabrous on the nerves with appressed hairs. The anthers are minute (about 0.15-0.2 mm long). The caryopsis (grain) is brown, smooth or finely reticulated (rugose). It is 0.5-0.8 mm long, oblong to elliptic and rounded. The caryopsis is dorsally compressed (Holm et al., 1977; Hafliger and Scholz, 1981; Ohwi, 1984).

Species Vectored

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Distribution

Leptochloa chinensis is native to tropical Asia, where it is commonly found in wet ditches and rice fields. It is now widespread and common in southern Asia, China, Australia, southern and eastern Africa, and throughout the Pacific basin (Hafliger and Scholz, 1981). Dissemination of L. chinensis has been enhanced using contaminated rice stocks (Holm et al., 1977).

Distribution Map

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Distribution Table

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History of Introduction and Spread

Leptochloa chinensis can be basically divided into two subgroups in China. L. chinensis in the southern and southwestern border areas of China belongs to subgroup I, while L. chinensis in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River belongs to subgroup II. The nucleotide diversity of subgroup I was significantly higher than that of subgroup II. Combined with previous studies, it is speculated that L. chinensis was probably introduced to China from South Asia or Southeast Asia through the southern and southwestern borders of China, and eventually spread to the rice production areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and quickly occupied the dominant ecological niche. In addition, it was found that herbicide selection pressure was one of the main driving forces for the differentiation of L. chinensis subgroup in China. Subgroup II was subjected to strong herbicide selection during transmission, and most of the populations have evolved resistance (Chen et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022).

Risk of Introduction

Leptochloa chinensis is listed as a Federal Noxious Weed in the USA (Westbrooks, 1989).

Hosts/Species Affected

Leptochloa chinensis invades sugarcane, vegetables, cotton, corn, soyabeans, sweet potatoes, peanuts, bananas, pineapples, tea and other crops. However, it is best known as a serious weed of rice.

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

The combination of totally glabrous leaves and hairy lemmas and paleas can be used as a diagnostic feature to distinguish L. chinensis from other species of Leptochloa. Other diagnostic features of this species include a dorsally compressed caryopsis, a deeply divided ligule, 5-6 florets per spikelet, and the (sometimes) aquatic habit of the plant (Holm et al., 1977; Westbrooks, 1989). The other most common weedy species, Leptochloa panicea is distinguished by much smaller spikelets (up to 2.5 mm) with only 2-3 florets, tubercle-based hairs on the leaf sheath and finely toothed ligule (Holm et al., 1977; Westbrooks, 1989).
Confusion can also arise with another weed of wet places, Diplachne fusca, which has a similar inflorescence but larger (8-15 mm), less flattened spikelets with 6-11 florets and glumes rounded on the back, not keeled. D. fusca also has a simple, membranous, long-pointed ligule.

Habitat

Leptochloa chinensis occurs in croplands, wetlands, swamps, or streams in open lowland regions of the tropics. It can also grow in heavy or light soils, along streams and watercourses, in marshy grounds, and in upland and lowland rice fields. In Java (Indonesia), it grows from sea level to 900 m in altitude (Holm et al., 1977).

Habitat List

CategorySub-CategoryHabitatPresenceStatus
TerrestrialTerrestrial - ManagedCultivated / agricultural landSecondary/tolerated habitatHarmful (pest or invasive)

Biology and Ecology

Leptochloa chinensis normally behaves as an annual but may persist as a short-lived perennial when suitable growing conditions exist. It competes with crops for nutrients, space and light in lowland rice. In upland rice and other crops, it competes for moisture (Holm et al., 1977). It usually reproduces by seeds but can also reproduce vegetatively by division of culm clumps or rootstocks following cultivation (ploughing) (Holm et al., 1977). Each inflorescence has the potential of producing hundreds of seeds and an individual plant may have numerous inflorescences (Holm et al., 1977). Flowering followed by seed production typically occurs in late summer. In the northern hemisphere, this is generally from August to October (Reed, 1977). It is now known to exhibit C4 photosynthesis (Tai and Lin, 1989; Das and Vats, 1993). Pane and Mansor (1994) record how L. chinensis (and Echinochloa crus-galli) increased in importance with a change from transplanted to direct-sown rice cropping in the Muda area of Malaysia. It had previously been unnoticed in this area. Apparently, like most forms of E. crus-galli, L. chinensis cannot germinate under 5 cm water (as in transplanted rice fields) but can germinate in saturated soil, and will survive later flooding to 5 cm. Hence, it can germinate and establish successfully along with direct-sown rice. These authors note that fresh seeds can give 61% germination within 8 weeks of shedding. In a Japanese study, 12 lines of L. chinensis seeds were collected from 11 sites in Southwest Japan and tested for their effect on soyabeans in pot and field trials. In the study, seeds showed greater longevity under flooded conditions than upland conditions in summer, especially in May-September. All lines were found to be light-sensitive and all germinated under moist conditions in the light at 30-40°C (Matsuo et al., 1987). The breaking of L. chinensis seed dormancy varies with conditions of storage (Matsuo and Kataoka, 1983).
The complete genome sequence of L. chinensis has been successfully assembled and published (Wang, 2022). The L. chinensis genome contains a total of 20 chromosomes, with a total length of about 413.1Mb and ContigN50 is around 8.5Mb. The genome of L. chinensis contains 50,413 protein-coding genes with an average CDS length of 900 bp and GC content of 56.90%. All the Leptochloa weeds have undergone an ancient ρ-Whole genome duplication (ρ-WGD) about 90 million years ago. However, after the ρ-WGD, the L. chinensis also underwent a unique WGD about 10 million years ago, which led to the tetraploidization and speciation of L. chinensis. Based on the temporal phylogenetic relationship and fossil dating, it was found that the L. chinensis differentiated from rice about 49 million years ago and from Chloridoideae about 22 million years ago (Chen, 2023).

Climate

Climate typeStatusDescriptionRemarks
Cfa - Humid subtropical climate PreferredWarm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year, warmest month average temp. > 22°C 

Notes on Natural Enemies

The lepidopteran Creatonotos gangis, which is highly adapted to rice but has not been reported to be economically important on this crop, has been found to survive to pupation, oviposit and complete development on L. chinensis. The percentage larval survival to pupation on L. chinensis was 73% (Catindig et al., 1993). Studies in the Philippines have confirmed that leaf hoppers such as Nephotettix virescens, N. nigropictus, N. malayanus and Recilia dorsalis, which transmit rice tungro bacilliform badnavirus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV), feed on weeds such as L. chinensis in fallow fields (Khan et al., 1991).

Impact Summary

CategoryImpact
Crop productionNegative

Economic Impact

Leptochloa chinensis is a livestock fodder species with high nutritional value. In East Africa, the grain is used as a famine food. However, in agricultural areas, it is an aggressive invader, spreading by fragmented stem-bases or highly viable seeds. L. chinensis is an important weed in Swaziland (Holm et al., 1977). It is now recognized as a troublesome weed in at least 11 crops in Asia, Africa, Australia and the Pacific Basin. It invades sugarcane, vegetables, cotton, corn, soyabeans, sweet potatoes, peanuts, bananas, pineapples, tea and other crops. However, it is best known as a serious weed of rice. In Malaysia, changes in the weed flora of rice in the Muda area of Malaysia have been noted since the adoption of double cropping and rapidly maturing cultivars in the 1970s. Since the move from transplanting to direct sowing, grasses such as L. chinensis have largely replaced broad-leaved weeds and sedges (Ho and Zuki, 1988; Ho, 1994).
Impact on Yield
In India, densities of L. chinensis at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 plants/m² resulted in mean yield reductions of rice of 14, 23, 25, 39 and 44%, respectively (Prusty et al., 1992).
Impact as a Host of Pests
Wetland rice in swampy habitats is the preferred food plant of the insect pest Scotinophara latiscula. However, L. chinensis and several other weeds are also known to be alternative hosts (Barrion and Litsinger, 1987). Laboratory and greenhouse tests in Kenya have demonstrated that L. chinensis is an alternative host of the pyralid rice pest Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Khan et al., 1996).
Impact as a Host of Diseases
Cross-inoculation studies conducted in the Philippines have found that L. chinensis is an alternative host of the rice disease Pyricularia oryzae [Magnaporthe grisea] (Mackill and Bonman, 1986). Studies in the Philippines have confirmed that leaf hoppers such as Nephotettix virescens, N. nigropictus, N. malayanus and Recilia dorsalis, which transmit rice tungro bacilliform badnavirus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV), feed on weeds such as L. chinensis in fallow fields, which indicates the potential for dispersal of rice viruses in weeds in fallow fields (Khan et al., 1991).

Threatened Species

Threatened SpeciesConservation StatusWhere ThreatenedMechanismReferences
Oryza sativa  ChinaCompetition (unspecified)Chen et al. (2021, 2023), Wang et al. (2022)

Risk and Impact Factors

Invasiveness

Highly adaptable to different environments
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential

Impact outcomes

Negatively impacts agriculture

Impact mechanisms

Allelopathic
Competition (unspecified)

Detection and Inspection

Leptochloa chinensis plant parts that are likely to be found as contaminants of rice and row crop seeds include seeds, seedheads and stolons (Westbrooks, 1989). The seeds of L. chinensis are sometimes co-harvested in crops that it has infested. However, because its seeds are small, thorough cleaning can remove L. chinensis from rice and other crop seeds (Holm et al., 1977).

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural Control
In a study conducted in Japan, it was concluded that flooding was only effective in control of L. chinensis seedlings when carried out shortly after emergence and when at least 10 cm deep (Matsuo et al., 1987). Pane and Mansor (1994) also record that L. chinensis can be suppressed by permanently flooding direct-sown rice within 5 days after seeding, whereas a delay until 15 days allows it to flourish.
Chemical Control
Rice
Leptochloa chinensis is resistant to some rice herbicides, for example bentazone and quinclorac, but susceptible to most others, including butachlor, fenoxaprop, molinate, pretilachlor and thiobencarb (Ampong-Nyarko and de Datta, 1991). These authors list propanil as ineffective whereas Pane and Mansor (1994) record that it is used for control of L. chinensis. During 1983-1988, 51 field trials were conducted with eight cultivars of wet-sown rice in Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, to determine the efficacy of pretilachlor + fenclorim in controlling L. chinensis and several other serious weeds. The results indicated that the formulation had a positive effect on rice grain yield (890-2570 kg/ha above untreated controls) and may be used to control major weed problems including L. chinensis in wet-sown rice in Southeast Asia (Allard and Zoachke, 1990). In Malaysia and Thailand in 1988-1989, it was found that separate treatments of pretilachlor safened with fenclorim, and of cinosulfuron resulted in 76-99% and 25-47% control of L. chinensis in rice (Hare et al., 1989). In Thailand, a commercial formulation of pretilachlor + safener provided effective control of L. chinensis (Ooi and Chong, 1988). In glasshouse studies conducted in Thailand, L. chinensis and several other grass weeds growing in rice were effectively controlled by oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen. In another study, fluazifop-butyl was found to be effective in control of L. chinensis (Vongsaroj and Price, 1987). In Malaysia, fenoxaprop-ethyl applied to rice cv. MR84 provided effective control of L. chinensis in both dry and flooded conditions. Yield increased by 10-100% according to the degree of weed infestation. A supplementary application of 2,4-butyl ester was required to control broad-leaved weeds and sedges. Fenoxaprop caused slight phytotoxicity in rice plants, but the crop recovered 14-21 days after application (Kuah and Sallehuddin, 1988). In Muda, Malaysia, it was concluded that quinclorac is ineffective against L. chinensis infestations in rice (Lo, 1988). In China, in trials with rice, oxyfluorfen gave 90-100% control of L. chinensis amongst other weeds (Jiang et al., 1989).
Soyabeans
In Japan, it was found that L. chinensis became a severe problem within a year after sowing soyabeans in mid-summer. Thiobencarb and prometryn applied after sowing soyabeans, followed by inter-row cultivation and ridging in mid-summer, provided consistent control (Matsuo et al., 1987). In Indonesia, a commercial formulation of paraquat and diuron failed to control L. chinensis and Echinochloa colonum in soyabeans (variety Lokon), but fluazifop butyl was effective (Budiyanto and Hidayati, 1990).
Cotton
In studies on cotton in China, prometryn gave 96% control of L. chinensis; fluometuron gave 98.1% control and trifluralin gave 90% control (Tang et al., 1984).

Links to Websites

WebsiteURLComment
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gatewayhttps://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)http://griis.org/Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list

References

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