Paratrechina longicornis (crazy ant)

 
1. Prevention

1.0 Preventative measures

Prevention, quarantine and rapid response are the best management strategies for preventing the establishment of invasive ants. To be successful they require active surveying, early detection and subsequent rapid treatment procedures, often along with quarantines. This type of pro-active management approach remains the most practical strategy for dealing with invasive ants (Krushelnycky, Loope and Reimer, 2005; see also 2.1 Cultural Control).

1.1 Risk Assessments

Risk assessment is a vital management tool for addressing the issue of invasive ants in a country or region. Mapping the potential range of invasive ant species is also a useful tool for assessing risk, preparing risk assessments and estimating the potential threat an invasive ant poses to people and the environment.
In New Zealand an invasive ant risk assessment project (prepared for Biosecurity New Zealand by Landcare Research) identified ant species which pose the greatest potential threat to New Zealand. This project was divided into five sections: (i) gathering data on native and non-native New Zealand ants, (ii) producing a preliminary risk, (iii) producing information sheets on medium-risk and high-risk taxa, (iv) producing a detailed pest risk assessment for the eight highest-risk species, and (v) re-ranking these eight species. Of the 75 ant taxa which were ranked the following ants present the greatest potential risk to New Zealand: Anoplolepis gracilipes, Lasius neglectus, Monomorium destructor, Paratrechina longicornis, Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis richteri, Tapinoma melanocephalum and Wasmannia auropunctata (Harris undated). An assessment of the current risk of P. longicornis establishing itself in New Zealand (based on climate similarity of native and introduced ranges) led to the prediction that it may establish a limited distribution in non-urban habitat in northern New Zealand, and could establish in and around heated buildings elsewhere (R. Harris unpubl. data, in Stanley 2004). Stanley (2004) also believes that P. longicornis is likely to have a highly restricted distribution in New Zealand.

1.2 Ant Prevention in the Pacific Region

The Pacific island region includes over 25 countries, most of which are served by two important regional international organizations, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), which addresses agricultural issues, and the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), which addresses biodiversity issues. The biodiversity of the Pacific is particularly vulnerable to effects of invasive species (SPREP 2000).
Special concern regarding ant invasions has arisen now that the red imported fire ant occurs at or near the coast on both sides of the Pacific, and the little fire ant has arrived in Hawaii and is spreading in the western Pacific. These and other species threaten all Pacific islands, including Hawaii and the U.S. affiliated islands of Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, Federated States of Micronesia, American Samoa, and Palau.
The SPC-Plant Protection Service (SPC-PPS) works in partnership with 22 Pacific members to maintain effective quarantine systems and to assist with regionally coordinated eradication/containment efforts. Priorities for emphasis are determined by member countries, which meet periodically as the Pacific Plant Protection Organization (PPPO).
A workshop sponsored by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of IUCN was held in Auckland, New Zealand, in September 2003, and resulted in the compilation of a draft Pacific Ant Prevention Plan (Pacific Invasive Ant Group 2004). The Pacific Ant Prevention Plan was presented to and embraced by 21 Pacific island countries and territories present at a PPPO meeting, the “Regional Biosecurity, Plant Protection and Animal Health” meeting held by SPC in Suva, Fiji, in March 2004 (Pacific Plant Protection Organization 2004). Like Hawaii’s Red Imported Fire Ant Prevention Plan, the Pacific Ant Prevention Plan is still a conceptual work, but ISSG and others are working toward obtaining the international funding needed to implement the plan with the assistance of SPC. The project presents an exceptional opportunity for agriculture and conservation interests to work together with international and bilateral aid entities at regional and country levels to build much needed quarantine capacity. Increased quarantine protection is desperately needed by PICT in order to address invasions that jeopardize both agriculture and biodiversity.
The information for this section was sourced directly from Krushelnycky Loope and Reimer (2005).

 
2. Control

2.1 Cultural Control

Non-chemical control is based on exclusion through good housekeeping practices and cleanliness eliminating food sources. Crazy ants nest outdoors so prevention of their entrance by caulking exterior penetrations and weather-stripping may aid in their control (Nickerson and Barbara 2000).

2.2 Chemical Control
2.2.1 General Considerations

Most if not all ant eradications have employed the use of baits and toxicants, many of which are developed for agriculture or urban settings. However, indiscriminate pesticide use in natural areas and fragile island ecosystems is not advocated. While some toxins such as hydramethylnon break down quickly in the environment, any and all pesticide use is likely to be accompanied by at least some undesirable non-target effects. These include increased runoff or drift outside the intended area, adverse effects on beneficial insects and non-target impacts on native species (Krushelnycky Loope and Reimer 2005).
Non-target impacts must be weighed up carefully against the benefits of ant eradication. Cleary, treating whole ecosystems or islands is too risky as entire populations of rare invertebrates may be at risk of extinction. On the other hand, eradicating populations of exotic ants before they become established in a natural ecosystem or island has the potential to prevent the potentially disastrous consequences of ant invasions (Krushelnycky Loope and Reimer 2005).
Baits should be designed with the specific foraging strategies of the target ant in mind. The preferred size, type and dispersal of bait and the nesting, foraging and behavioural traits of the ant should be considered in the planning stages of the operation. The use of appropriately designed and chosen baits and toxins will help reduce the impact of toxins on native ants and non-target fauna (McGlynn 1999).

2.2.2 Ant Toxins

Ant toxins can be classed into three categories: “stomach” poisons (or metabolic inhibitors), Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and neurotoxins. Stomach toxins include hydramethylnon (eg: Maxforce® or Amdro®), sulfuramid and sodium tetraborate decahydrate (eg: Borax). IGRs include compounds such as methoprene, fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen. Neurotoxins include fipronil (eg: Xstinguish®). Stomach poison kills all workers and reproductives it comes into contact with. IGRs work by disrupting development of the queens ovarian tissues, effectively sterilising the colony. Neurological inhibitors disrupt insect central nervous systems by blocking neuron receptors. The onset of mortality is contingent upon the type of active ingredient. In general, ant baits that contain active ingredients that are metabolic inhibitors have a two to three day delay before extensive mortality occurs in the colony (Oi Vail and Williams 2000). Baits containing IGRs take several weeks before colony populations are reduced substantially (Oi Vail and Williams 2000). The latter (IGRs) provide gradual long-term control, while metabolic inhibitors provide short-term, localised and rapid control (Oi Vail and Williams 2000). This is because while stomach poisons are faster than IGRs, they sometimes eliminate workers before the toxin can be effectively distributed throughout the colony (O’Dowd Green and Lake 1999).
Indoor chemical control is based on baits, dusts or spot treatments with residual sprays. Outdoor treatments include chemical formulations such as baits, granules, dusts and sprays. Read and follow label instructions and precautions before using any insecticide (Nickerson and Barbara 2000).
P. longicornis is notoriously difficult to control with bait (Hedges, 1996a; 1996b; Lee, 2000 in Stanley & Robinson, 2007). It has been reported that it does not feed for long enough on commercial baits to give effective control. Commercial baits are generally designed for control of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) and are usually oil based. These baits are not preferred by P. longicornis.
Studies have shown that P. longicornis recruits well to Xstinguish™. HExterm-An-Ant® has also been used against P. longicornis, but although attractive to foragers, its ability to kill queens within the nest is unknown. Trials to compare the attractiveness of Xstinguish™ and Exterm-An-Ant® with other potential options for management of P. longicornis are being conducted in Western Australia"" (Harris et al. 2005).
Stanley (2004) found that the Australian-manufactured IGR baits developed for S. invicta control - Engage® (methoprene) and Distance® (pyriproxyfen) - have a lipid attractant and are unlikely to be attractive to such species as Linepithema humile, T. melanocephalum or P. longicornis. Lee et al. (2003) found some evidence that Protect-B® (0.5% methoprene) baits and Combat Ant Killer® bait stations (1% hydramethylnon) are not effective against P. longicornis (Stanley 2004).
Experiments testing food attractants found P. longicornis strongly preferred honey over peanut butter. Lee and Kooi (2004) report that baiting is seldom effective, particularly with paste and granular formulations, against P. longicornis in Singapore and Malaysia, but recommend sugar-based, liquid or gel formulations for control of P. longicornis. Stanley (2004) recommends using protein and carbohydrate, rather than lipid baits, as the attractants in baits for controlling P. longicornis.
In New Zealand Stanley (2004) recommends using Xstinguish® (fipronil) (already registered and available in New Zealand) in spring and summer as it is expected to be effective at controlling P. longicornis. Liquid boron-based baits <1% toxin) would be expected to be effective in autumn and winter (Stanley 2004).
Further research in New Zealand trialled a range of food types and commercial ant baits (Amdro, Maxforce, Xstinguish, Presto) and boric acid for attractiveness to P. longicornis. The most attractive baits were found to be tuna (no toxin), Xstinguish (non-toxic version), sugar water and sugar water + boric acid. The granular baits (Maxforce, Amdro and Presto) were not as attractive to P. longicornis foragers (Stanley & Robinson, 2007). The authors conclude that “Given that tuna is impractical for management programs, the effectiveness of boric acid, sweet liquid baits in eliminating P. longicornis colonies should be compared with that of the toxic version of Xstinguish. If both are effective at eliminating colonies, we recommend sweet liquid baits containing boric acid be used for small-scale incursions (one or two nests), but a more practicable solid bait, such as Xstinguish, be used for larger scale incursions (numerous nests)”
 

3.1 Eradication Research

Experimental eradication of ants has been undertaken at several important wildlife refuges in Hawaii’s offshore islets. On Moky Nui (off the windward coast of Oahu, Hawaii) two broadcast applications of Amdro® caused significant declines in S. geminata and P. longicornis, both of which were abundant before treatment (Krushelnycky Loope and Reimer 2005). This small-island experiment is still being evaluated for its efficacy, feasibility and non-target effects and has not lead to standard management practices (Krushelnycky Loope and Reimer 2005).

3.2 Biosecurity New Zealand

Biosecurity New Zealand, the branch of government responsible for managing invasive species, has responded to a series of incursions of exotic invasive ant species by relying heavily on a small number of baits and toxins. The absence of a wide variety of effective baits may compromise the success of incursion responses. As a first step to ensuring effective incursion response, Biosecurity New Zealand commissioned Landcare Research to research and review international literature about the baits and toxins used for ant control (see Stanley 2004). The next step will be testing the most promising of these against a selected group of high-risk invasive ant species.

3.3 Bait and Toxin Research

Stanley (2004) recommends the New Zealand focus research efforts on the species that lack effective strategies and pose some risk to New Zealand (P. longicornis, T. melanocephalum and L. neglectus) to determine which baits can be used to effectively manage them. In an incursion event now, Xstinguish® should be used, but research is required to determine the most effective baits (Stanley 2004).
Stanley (2004) suggests that future research on P. longicornis focus on:
• Determining food preferences and attractants (as there is currently no established best practice for this species)
• Comparing the attractiveness and efficacy of Presto®, Xstinguish® and liquid boron-based baits on P. longicornis.


References
Harris, R. Undated. Invasive Ant Pest Risk Assessment Project. [Accessed 29 March 2007, from: http://issg.appfa.auckland.ac.nz/database/species/reference_files/Ant_RA/overview.pdf]
Krushelnycky, P.D., Loope, L.L. and Reimer, N.J. 2005. The Ecology, Policy, and Management of Ants in Hawaii, Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 37. [Accessed 2 April 2007, from: http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/peps/museum/ant_website/Krushelnycky_et_al_Ant_review2005.pdf]
Nickerson, J.C., and K.A. Barbara. 2000. Featured Creatures: Crazy Ant: Scientific Name: Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Accessed 2 April 2007, from: http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/urban/ants/crazy_ant.htm]
O’Dowd, D.J., Green, P.T. and Lake, P.S. 1999. Status, Impact, and Recommendations for Research and Management of Exotic Invasive Ants in Christmas Island National Park. Centre for the Analysis and Management of Biological Invasions: Clayton (Victoria, Australia). [Accessed 4 April 2007, from: http://www.issg.org/database/species/reference_files/Christmas_Island_Report.pdf]
Oi, D.H., Vail, K.M. and Williams, D.F. 2000. Bait distribution among multiple colonies of Pharaoh ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (4): 1247 - 1255. [Accessed 13 Friday 2007, from: http://www.bioone.org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/archive/0022-0493/93/4/pdf/i0022-0493-93-4-1247.pdf]
Stanley, M.C. 2004. Review of the Efficacy of Baits Used for Ant Control and Eradication (Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0405/044). [Accessed 29 March 2007, from: http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/invertebrates/ants/BaitEfficacyReport.pdf]
Stanley, M.C. & Robinson, W.A. (2007). Relative attractiveness of baits to Paratrechina longicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 100 (2): 509-516.