Sarotherodon galilaeus (mango tilapia)
Publication: CABI Compendium
65484
Datasheet Types: Cultured aquatic species, Invasive species, Host animal
Abstract
This datasheet on Sarotherodon galilaeus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Further Information.
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Sarotherodon galilaeus Linnaeus, 1758
- Preferred Common Name
- mango tilapia
- Other Scientific Names
- Chromis galilaeus Linnaeus, 1758
- Chromis lateralis Duméril, 1858
- Chromis mircrostomus Lortet, 1883
- Chromis pleuromelas Duméril, 1858
- Chromis tiberiadis Lortet, 1883
- Sarotherodon galilaeus Linnaeus, 1758
- Sarotherodon galileus galilaeus Linnaeus, 1758
- Tilapia galilaea Linnaeus, 1758
- Tilapia galilaea galilaea Linnaeus, 1758
- Tilapia galilaea pleuromelas Duméril, 1858
- Tilapia lateralis Duméril, 1858
- Tilapia macrocentra Duméril, 1858
- Tilapia microstoma Lortet, 1883
- Tilapia pleuromelas Duméril, 1858
- International Common Names
- EnglishSt. Peter's fish
- Local Common Names
- Egyptbolti nalawi
- GermanyPrachtmaulbrüter
- Israelamnon hagalilamnun galilnusht abiad
- Jordanokkar
- Nigeriaepiagaragazagargazaifunukarwampupatometsokungiukuobu
- Russian Federationtsikhlida
- Senegalwass
- USASt. Peter's fish
Pictures
Adult
Sarotherodon galilaeus (mango tilapia); adult, length 25cm. Upper Egypt, August 2010.
©Magdy A. Saleh/via Fishbase (Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged)
Overview
Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus like other tilapia species is of importance as a food fish. It is used for aquaculture and has been naturalized in many countries. S. galilaeus galilaeus has been listed in the IUCN Red List of as a vulnerable species (Stiassny, 1996).
Taxonomic Tree
Description
Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus has 14-17 dorsal spines, 13 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines, and 9-12 anal soft rays (FishBase, 2004). Melanin patches are found only in occasional individuals, and the caudal is naked except at the base. Reproductive individuals are greyish dorsally and silvery ventrally. Dorsal and caudal fins are with pinkish margins. Pectoral fins usually extend to above the vent or spinous anal fin. Males have longer soft dorsal and anal fin rays.
Pathogens Carried
Distribution
Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus is found in Africa and Eurasia. It is distributed in: the Jordan system especially in lakes, the coastal rivers of Israel, the Nile system including the delta lakes and Lake Albert and Turkana, Jebel Mara, the Chad Basin, the Shari River, the Central Congo Basin, the Ubanghi and Uele Rivers, Lake Kotto, the Niger, Ogun, Volta, Corubal, Gambia, Casamance and Senegal Rivers, Draa (Morocco) and Adrar (Mauritania) (FishBase, 2004). Populations in Lake Ejagham, Cameroon are vulnerable (Baillie and Groombridge, 1996).
Distribution Map
Distribution Table
Introductions
| Introduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reasons | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
| China | Africa | 1981 | Unknown | No | No | |||
| Congo | Sudan | 1953 | International organisation | Yes | No | |||
| Japan | USA | 1964 | Unknown | No | No | Chiba and et al. (1989) | ||
| South Africa | Israel | 1959 | Unknown | No | No | |||
Anatomy
Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus have fine teeth and are microphagous and omnivorous.
Habitat List
| Category | Sub category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freshwater | ||||
| Brackish |
Climate
| Climate type | Description | Preferred or tolerated | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| A - Tropical/Megathermal climate | Average temp. of coolest month > 18°C, > 1500mm precipitation annually | Preferred |
Air Temperature
| Parameter | Lower limit (°C) | Upper limit (°C) |
|---|---|---|
| Mean annual temperature | 22 | 28 |
Water Tolerances
| Parameter | Minimum value | Maximum value | Typical value | Status | Life stage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bicarbonate (mg/l) | 28 | Optimum | Broodstock | |||
| Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) | <3.0 | Harmful | Adult | |||
| Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) | <3.0 | Harmful | Fry | |||
| Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) | >0.5 | Optimum | Fry | |||
| Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) | >5.0 | Optimum | Adult | |||
| Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) | >5.0 | Optimum | Larval | |||
| Hardness (mg/l of Calcium Carbonate) | 6 dH | 15 dH | Optimum | Adult | ||
| Water pH (pH) | 6 | 8 | Optimum | Adult | ||
| Water pH (pH) | 7.0 | 7.5 | Optimum | Broodstock | ||
| Water pH (pH) | 7.0 | 7.5 | Optimum | Larval | ||
| Water pH (pH) | 7.0 | 7.5 | Optimum | Fry | ||
| Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 22 | 28 | Optimum | Adult |
List of Diseases and Disorders
Impact Summary
| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Fisheries / aquaculture | Positive |
Uses List
Human food and beverage > Fresh meat
Human food and beverage > Frozen meat
Human food and beverage > Whole
Behaviour
Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus is known to occur at temperatures as low as 9°C (Trewavas, 1983.). It is known to forms schools occasionally and are territorial in behaviour. It prefers open waters but juveniles and breeding adults are found inshore (Trewavas and Teugels, 1991). It often associated with beds of submerged vegetation in Sudd lakes. It feeds on algae and fine organic debris.
S. galilaeus galilaeus broods the eggs and the larvae in the mouth and known as a bi-parental mouth brooder (Bailey, 1994). The initiative throughout courting and mating is taken predominantly by the female. The female is mainly responsible for the excavation of nest and defending mating territory. Pair-formation exists and is dissolved as soon as the eggs are in the parental mouth (FishBase, 2004).
Reproduction
Unmanaged ponds are the most widely used hatchery system. Ponds require low input and management but also result in low production. Net enclosures, tanks and ponds are used as hatchery systems for propagation. Net enclosures are usually made of fine nylon, plastic mosquito netting or cotton mesh. Net enclosures or ‘hapas’ can be any manageable size from 1-40 m² with a depth of 1-2 m. Spawning units in a tank system are usually circular tanks of 1-6 m diameter containing 0.5-0.7 m of water.
Growout Management Table
| Ecosystem | Growout systems | Inland | Coastal | Adult stocking density (/m3) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extensive | Semi-intensive | Intensive | ||||
| Floodplains | Yes | |||||
| Lakes | Yes | |||||
| Reservoirs | Yes | |||||
| Ricefields | Yes | |||||
| Rivers/streams | Yes | |||||
Growout Management
Growout production systems practised in Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus culture are ponds, cages, tanks and rice fields. Different types of ponds are used for culture of S. galilaeus galilaeus. The most widespread but most unproductive are low input ponds with uncontrolled breeding and irregular harvesting. Higher yields are achieved by employing monosex fish for stocking in fertilized well-managed ponds. The advantage of using cages and tanks for culture is avoidance of overbreeding. Intensive culture is more common in tanks and cages.
Seed Supply and Species Availability
Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus fry and fingerling stages are used to stock aquaculture ponds. Fry are produced in hatchery systems.
Reproduction and Seed Production Systems
| Reproduction Conditions | |||
| Parameter | Value | Remarks | |
| Fertilization | External | 1 | |
| Reproductive guild | Guarders | 1 | |
| Reproductive guild | External - Bearers | 1 | |
| Broodstock Conditions | |||
| Parameter | Value | Remarks | |
| Breeding | Natural | yes | |
| Mode | Assisted | yes | |
| Mode | Unassisted | yes | |
| Culture system Stocking density | Extensive | yes | |
| Culture system Stocking density | Semi-intensive | yes | |
| Culture system Stocking density | Intensive | yes | |
| Sex ratio male/female | Sex ratio male/female | 1:2-7 | |
| Egg production/kg | Egg production/kg (/female) | 600-2000 | |
| Egg Nursery Conditions | |||
| Egg Nursery Conditions | |||
| Parameter | Value | Remarks | |
| Culture system Stocking density | Extensive | yes | |
| Egg Production | Time to hatch (hours) | 96 | |
| Larval Nursery Conditions | |||
| Parameter | Value | Remarks | |
| Culture system Stocking density | Extensive | yes | |
| Larval Production | Time to fry (days) | 12 | |
| Larval Production | First feed (days) | 9-12 | |
| Fry Nursery Conditions | |||
| Parameter | Value | Remarks | |
| Culture system Stocking density | Extensive | yes | |
| Culture system Stocking density | Semi-intensive | yes | |
| Culture system Stocking density | Intensive | yes | |
Natural Food Sources
| Food source | Life stages | Contribution to total food intake (%) | Feeding methods | Feeding frequency | Feeding characteristics | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| benthic algae/weeds | ||||||
| detritus | Aquatic|Adult Aquatic|Fry | 54-70 | ||||
| periphyton | Aquatic|Adult Aquatic|Fry | |||||
| phytoplankton | Aquatic|Adult Aquatic|Fry | |||||
| zoobenthos | Aquatic|Adult Aquatic|Fry | |||||
| zooplankton | Aquatic|Adult Aquatic|Fry |
Genetics Table
| Country | Locality | Haploid | Diploid | Markers | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22 | 44 | y | Klinkhardt and et al. (1995) | ||
| 22 | 44 | n | Klinkhardt and et al. (1995) | ||
| 22 | 44 | y | |||
| Israel | Sea of Galilee | 44 | n |
Electrophoretic Studies
| Country | Locality | Total loci | Observed | Expected | Polymorphic loci | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Côte d'Ivoire | Comoé, Abengourou | 24 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Kenya | Lake Turkana | 22 | 0.043 | 0.0462 | 0.136 |
Links to Websites
| Name | URL | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
| Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
References
Arkhipchuk VV, 1999. Chromosome database. Database of Dr. Victor Arkhipchuk. Ukraine.
Bailey RG, 1994. Guide to the fishes of the River Nile in the Republic of the Sudan. J. Nat. Hist., 28:937-970.
Baillie J, Groombridge B, eds, 1996. 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 378 pp.
Chiba K, Taki Y Sakai K, Oozeki Y, 1989. Present status of aquatic organisms introduced into Japan. In: De Silva SS, ed., Exotic aquatic organisms in Asia, Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia, p 63-70, Asian Fish Soc. Spec. Publ. 3,. Manila, Philippines: Asian Fish Society.
FAO, 1997. FAO Database on Introduced Aquatic Species. FAO, Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
FishBase, 2004. Entry for Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus. Main ref. Trewavas E, 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. London, UK: British Mus. Nat. Hist., 583 pp. Online at www.fishbase.org. Accessed 10 May 2004.
Johnson RP, 1974. Synopsis of biological data on Sarotherodon galilaeus. FAO Fish. Synop. (90), 42 pp.
Klinkhardt M, Tesche M, Greven H, 1995. Database of fish chromosomes. Westarp Wissenschaften, 179 pp.
Kornfield I, 1984. Descriptive genetics of cichlid fishes. In: Turner BJ, ed. Evolutionary genetics of fishes. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 591-616.
McAndrew BJ, Majumdar KC, 1983. Tilapia stock identification using electrophoretic markers. Aquaculture, 30(1/4):249-261.
Paugy D, Traoré K, Diouf PS, 1994. Faune ichtyologique des eaux douces d’Afrique de l’Ouest. In: Teugels GG, Guégan JF, Albaret JJ, eds. Biological diversity of African fresh- and brackish water fishes. Geographical overviews presented at the PARADI Symposium, Senegal, 15-20 November 1993. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool., 275:35-66.
Stiassny M, 1996. Sarotherodon galileus ssp. "Ejagham" nom. prov. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Online at www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=19912. Accessed on 25 May 2004.
Teugels GG, Lévêque C, Paugy D, Traoré K, 1988. État des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des bassins côtiers de Côte d’Ivoire et de l’ouest du Ghana. Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop., 21(3):221-237.
Trewavas E, 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. London, UK: British Museum of Natural History, 583 pp.
Trewavas E, Teugels GG, 1991. Sarotherodon. In: Daget J, Gosse J-P, Teugels GG, Thys van den Audenaerde DFE, eds. Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4, 425-437.
Welcomme RL, 1988. International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 294:x + 318 pp.
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Published online: 22 November 2019
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