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16 November 2022

Tragus berteronianus (carrot-seed grass)

Datasheet Type: Invasive species

Abstract

This datasheet on Tragus berteronianus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Further Information.

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name
Tragus berteronianus Schult.
Preferred Common Name
carrot-seed grass
Other Scientific Names
Lappago berteroniana (Schult.) Schult. ex Steud.
Lappago occidentalis (Nees) Hook.f.
Nazia occidentalis (Nees) Scribn.
Nazia racemosa var. berteroniana (Schult.) Hack.
Tragus alienus var. brevispinus Henrard
Tragus ciliatus Lepr. ex Kunth
Tragus occidentalis Nees
Tragus racemosus var. berteronianus (Schult.) Hack.
International Common Names
English
African bur grass
small carrot-seed grass
spike bur grass
spiked burr grass
spiked burrgrass
Chinese
shi zi cao
Local Common Names
Brazil
carrapicho de ovelha
Cuba
rabo de gato
Egypt
harroay
Puerto Rico
hincadora
South Africa
gewone wortelsaadgras
kousklits

Pictures

Tragus berteronianus seedheads.
Habit
Tragus berteronianus (carrot-seed grass); Habit, with seedheads. Sailors Hat, Kahoolawe, Hawaii, USA. December 2010.
©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Fruiting habit of Tragus berteronianus.
Fruiting habit
Tragus berteronianus (carrot-seed grass); Fruiting habit. Honokanaia, Kahoolawe, Hawaii, USA. December 2010.
©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Close-up view of Tragus berteronianus seedhead displaying spikelets.
Spikelets
Tragus berteronianus (carrot-seed grass); Seedhead, showing spikelets. Kealaikahiki, Kahoolawe, Hawaii, USA. December 2013.
©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Close-up view of Tragus berteronianus flowers and spikelets, adhering to the material of an insect net.
Flowers and spikelets
Tragus berteronianus (carrot-seed grass); Flowers and spikelets, adhering to the material of an insect net. Sailors Hat, Kahoolawe, Hawaii, USA. December 2010.
©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Close-up view of Tragus berteronianus seedhead displaying spikelets.
Seedhead
Tragus berteronianus (carrot-seed grass); Seedhead, showing spikelets. Kahului Heliport, Maui, Hawaii, USA. March 2009.
©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Seeding habit of Tragus berteronianus in cracked mud.
Habit
Tragus berteronianus (carrot-seed grass); Seeding habit in mud with cracks. Sailors Hat, Kahoolawe, Hawaii, USA. December 2010.
©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Fruiting habit, with mature seed heads of Tragus berteronianus.
Fruiting habit
Tragus berteronianus (carrot-seed grass); Fruiting habit, with mature seed heads. Honokanaia, Kahoolawe, Hawaii, USA. March 2004.
©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Tragus berteronianus seedheads.
Habit
Tragus berteronianus (carrot-seed grass); Habit, with seedheads. Honokanaia, Kahoolawe, Hawaii, USA. February 2008.
©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0

Summary of Invasiveness

Tragus berteronianus is an erect or ascending annual grass species reaching a height of up to 45 cm. It is native to tropical and temperate regions of Africa and Eurasia, and has naturalized in the Americas. It grows in disturbed areas, often on poor rocky or sandy soils. This species is naturalized in the Hawaiian Islands, North America, the Caribbean and several locations in South America. It is listed as invasive in Hawaii (USA) and the US Virgin Islands with no details on impact. An assessment carried out in 2021 using the Hawai’i Pacific Weed Risk Assessment screening process has rated it as high risk with a score of 15 which indicates that it is likely to be invasive in Hawaiʻi and on other Pacific Islands on the basis of several undesirable traits, such as prolific seeding, dispersal of seeds by water, wind, attachment to clothing or fur by seed hooks and as a contaminant.

Taxonomic Tree

This content is currently unavailable.

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Tragus is a genus in the Poaceae family comprising seven to eight species, mostly tropical and subtropical (Anton, 1981; World Flora Online, 2020). The genus is characterized by the disarticulating inflorescence, rudimentary first glume and an awnless second glume with distinctive prickles or spines on its nerves (Anton, 1981). Members of this genus frequently occur as weeds throughout their distribution range.
Tragus berteronianus, native to the Old World, is now a pantropical weed found in open, dry disturbed habitats. The genus name comes from the Greek word ‘tragos’ meaning goat; the specific epithet honours Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, an Italian physician who described it for the first time in 1824.

Plant Type

Annual
Grass / sedge

Description

The following description is from Flora of China Editorial Committee (2016), with further descriptions available from Sulekic and Zapater (2001) and Jung and Cheng (2016):
Erect or ascending annual grass, mat-forming. Culms tufted, usually decumbent at base and rooting at lower nodes, 15-30 cm tall. Leaf sheaths shorter than or subequal to internodes; leaf blades broadly linear, tough, flat, glaucous, 3-7 cm, 3-4 mm wide, margins thick, pectinate-spinose, apex acute. Inflorescence 4-11 × ca. 0.5 cm; racemes of two unequal spikelets separated by a 0.4-0.6 mm rachis internode; rachis not extended beyond upper spikelet; basal peduncle 0.2-0.4 mm. Lower spikelet fertile, elliptic, 2-3 mm; lower glume suppressed; upper glume 5-ribbed, ribs bearing hooked, swollen-based spines, apex acute; lemma ovate-lanceolate, 1.8-2.1 mm, puberulous, apex sharply acute. Upper spikelet sterile, narrowly elliptic, 1.5-2.2 mm, often reduced to the upper glume.

Distribution

Much of the published literature indicates that T. berteronianus is native to tropical and temperate areas of Africa and Asia (Anton, 1981; Acevedo-Rodríguez, 1996; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016; PROTA, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016; POWO, 2020). Howard (1979) suggests there is some doubt as to whether this species is native to the New World. Anton (1981) maintains that all the species of Tragus known in the Americas have been introduced.
This species is considered an introduced or exotic species in the Caribbean, Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, Antigua, Grenada, Barbados, Dominica, Monserrat, Saba, St. Barthelemy, Saint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent), Greater Antilles (Jamaica), Cuba, Hispaniola (Gonave, Haiti), Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (Guana Islands, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola), Bahamas, North America, Mexico, Central America and South America (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012).
Tragus berteronianus is reported as naturalized in Taiwan, Mexico, Hawaii, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru (Jung and Cheng, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2022).
This species is reported as established in parts of the USA (Arizona, New Mexico and Texas). It was collected in Maine, Massachusetts, New York and Virginia in the 19th century and Virginia in 1959 (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016).

Distribution Map

This content is currently unavailable.

Distribution Table

This content is currently unavailable.

History of Introduction and Spread

In Boston (Massachusetts, USA), T. berteronianus is believed to have been introduced via ballast and in Maine in wool waste (Hitchcock, 1935). There is little information on when and how this species was introduced outside its native range.

Risk of Introduction

Little is known about the biology of T. berteronianus and its environmental requirements which makes it difficult to fully assess the risk of introduction. It is unlikely to be introduced to any country as an ornamental or for any economic or social benefits. There is a risk of accidental introduction as a contaminant of wool waste and ballast as has been reported for Maine and Massachusetts (USA) (Hitchcock, 1935).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Natural Dispersal

Seeds of T. berteronianus are dispersed by wind and water (Plant Pono, 2021).

Vector Transmission (Biotic)

Seeds of T. berteronianus can be dispersed by attachment to clothing and fur by means of hooked prickles arising from the upper glume which help in the attachment (Wagner et al., 1999). Of 369 hares examined in Kenya, 160 had a total of 810 disseminules of 17 plant species in their fur, T. berteronianus being one of the six commonest species (Agnew and Flux, 1970).

Accidental Introduction

Seeds can be dispersed as a contaminant of agricultural products (wool waste) and shipping (ballast) (Haines, 2011).

Pathway Causes

Pathway causeNotesLong distanceLocalReferences
Disturbance (pathway cause)Found growing in disturbed areas Yes
Hyde et al. (2016), Hyde et al. (2017)
Forage (pathway cause)Used as forage in some locations Yes
Nunes et al. (2015), Shemdoe (2017)
Harvesting fur, wool or hair (pathway cause)Accidentally introduced as a contaminant of wool productsYesYes
Hitchhiker (pathway cause)Accidentally introduced as a contaminant of wool productsYesYes

Pathway Vectors

Pathway vectorNotesLong distanceLocalReferences
Clothing, footwear and possessions (pathway vector)Seeds have hooked spines that could attach easily to clothes and footwearYesYes
Debris and waste associated with human activities (pathway vector)Observed growing at dump sites near wool factories and ballast dump sitesYesYes
Ship ballast water and sediment (pathway vector)Found growing at ballast dump sitesYesYes
Water (pathway vector)Dispersed by waterYesYes
Wind (pathway vector)Dispersed by windYesYes

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Tragus berteronianus is sometimes confused with Tragus racemosus (Native Plant Trust, 2016). T. racemosus has an upper glume which is 7-veined, 3.8-6.6 mm long, with six or seven longitudinal rows of spine-like projections and panicle branches 2.1-4.8 mm long; T. berteronianus has an upper glume which is 5-veined, 1.8-4.3 mm long, with five longitudinal rows of spine-like projections and panicle branches 0.7-2.7 mm long.

Habitat

Tragus berteronianus is found in: poor sandy or stony soils in Pakistan (Flora of Pakistan, 2016); lowland dry forests in the Bolivian Andes (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016); along roadsides and in disturbed or overgrazed areas in Mozambique (Hyde et al., 2016); deserts, disturbed areas and low mountains in Peru (Peru Checklist, 2016); along roadsides and arid, disturbed sites in Hawaii (Wagner et al., 1999); along roadsides, disturbed areas and bare or overgrazed soil in Zimbabwe (Hyde et al., 2017); degraded areas from 0 to 2200 m above sea level in Colombia (García-Ulloa et al., 2005); and rocky outcrops in South Africa (Malan et al., 1998).
This species is recorded as naturalized in sandy soil under kiawe (Prosopis pallida) trees on Lāna‘i (Hawaii, USA) (Oppenheimer, 2013).
In the USA, in Maine and Massachusetts, T. berteronianus is considered an exotic species and an occasional visitor via waste areas of 19th century wool-carding factories and ship ballast dumps. It is found occasionally in man-made and disturbed areas (Native Plant Trust, 2016).
In Argentina, T. berteronianus is a very frequent species in sandy and stony soils. In the lower areas, up to an altitude of 1800 m, it lives in conjunction with several species of grasses typical of the Chaco region such as Digitaria californica, Chloris virgata, Acroceras zizanioides, Trichloris pluriflora and Dactyloctenium aegyptium. At higher altitudes, it coexists with Aristida adscensionis, Eragrostis nigricans, Cottea pappophoroides and Erioneuron avenaceum (Sulekic and Zapater, 2001).

Habitat List

CategorySub categoryHabitatPresenceStatus
Terrestrial Cultivated / agricultural landPresent, no further detailsNatural
Terrestrial Disturbed areasPresent, no further detailsNatural
Terrestrial Rail / roadsidesPresent, no further detailsNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-naturalNatural grasslandsPresent, no further detailsNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-naturalArid regionsPresent, no further detailsNatural

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

The chromosome number reported for T. berteronianus is 2n = 20 (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016).

Reproductive Biology

Tragus berteronianus reproduces by seed. Production of up to 47,000 seeds/m2 has been reported in annual stands of this species in Botswana (Veenendaal et al., 1996).

Physiology and Phenology

Flowering and fruiting in T. berteronianus occur from summer to autumn in China (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016). In Zimbabwe and Mozambique, flowering occurs from November to May (Hyde et al., 2016; 2017).

Longevity

Tragus berteronianus is an annual grass species (Wagner et al., 1999).

Associations

In Argentina, at elevations up to 1800 m, T. berteronianus can be found with several species of grasses typical of the Chaco region such as Digitaria californica, Chloris virgata, Acroceras zizanioides, Trichloris pluriflora and Dactyloctenium aegyptium. At higher altitudes, it coexists with Aristida adscensionis, Eragrostis nigricans, Cottea pappophoroides and Erioneuron avenaceum (Sulekic and Zapater, 2001).

Environmental Requirements

In Argentina, T. berteronianus has been collected at altitudes of 250-2700 (-2950) m (Sulekic and Zapater, 2001), and from 0 to 2200 m above sea level in Colombia (García-Ulloa et al., 2005).

Climate

Climate typeDescriptionPreferred or toleratedRemarks
A - Tropical/Megathermal climateAverage temp. of coolest month > 18°C, > 1500mm precipitation annuallyPreferred 

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Latitude North (°N)Latitude South (°S)Altitude lower (m)Altitude upper (m)
3838  

Soil Tolerances

Soil texture > Light
Special soil tolerances > Infertile

Notes on Natural Enemies

In South Africa, the yellow sugarcane aphid (Sipha flava) has been collected from T. berteronianus (Way et al., 2014).

Natural enemies

Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Sipha flava (yellow sugarcane aphid)Herbivore
Plants|Leaves
not specific  

Impact Summary

CategoryImpact
Livestock productionPositive

Impact: Economic

Although T. berteronianus is listed as invasive in Hawaii and the US Virgin Islands there are no details on impacts (PIER, 2016; Angeli and Thomas, 2019). An assessment carried out in 2021 using the Hawai’i Pacific Weed Risk Assessment screening process has rated it as high risk with a score of 15 which indicates that it is likely to be invasive in Hawaiʻi and on other Pacific Islands (Plant Pono, 2021).
In the Nama Karoo region of South Africa, out of 43 problem plant species recorded, T. berteronianus is listed as one of two dominant road-verge problem plant species (DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, 2007). Although there is no evidence for verges acting as corridors for the dispersal of these species, the verges certainly provide suitable habitats for problem plants.

Risk and Impact Factors

Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Is a habitat generalist
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Has high reproductive potential

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally

Uses

According to Oudtshoorn (1992), T. berteronianus is a pioneer grass species found in overgrazed areas. Although it hardly has any grazing value due to its low leaf production it plays an important role in the control of soil erosion in South Africa.
In Tanzania, T. berteronianus is used by local farmers as animal feed and as an indicator of soil quality (Shemdoe, 2017). In southeast Brazil, this species is mentioned as one of the forage plants used by two rural communities in the state of Paraíba (Nunes et al., 2015).

Uses List

Environmental > Erosion control or dune stabilization
Environmental > Host of pest
Animal feed, fodder, forage > Forage

Links to Websites

NameURLComment
Flora of China, 2016http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 
Flora of Pakistan, 2016http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan 
Flora of Zimbabwe, 2016www.zimbabweflora.co.zw 
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gatewayhttps://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)http://griis.org/Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.

References

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., 1996. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 78 iii + 581 pp.
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., Strong, M.T., 2012. Catalogue of Seed Plants of the West Indies.Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 1192 pp.
African Plant Database, 2017. African Plant Database, 2016Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Geneve & South African National Biodiversity Institute. http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/
Agnew, A.D.Q., Flux, J.E.C., 1970. Plant Dispersal by Hares (Lepus Capensis L.) in Kenya.Ecology, 51(4) 735-737.
Angeli, N.F., Thomas, M.B., 2019. Invasive plant species of the US Virgin Islands.St. Croix, US Virgin: St. George Village Botanical Garden Islands. http://www.biodiversitydata.net/
Angelo, R., Boufford, D.E., 1998. Atlas of the flora of New England: Poaceae.Rhodora, 100(902) 101-233.
Anton, A.M., 1981. The genus Tragus (Gramineae).Kew Bulletin, 36(1) 55-61.
Broome, R., Sabir, K., Carrington, S., 2007. In: Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database.Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria, 2016. In: Australia's virtual herbarium. Australia: Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. http://avh.ala.org.au
DST–NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, 2007. ANNUAL REPORT 2006. Stellenbosch University. 60 pp. https://blogs.sun.ac.za/cib/files/2020/03/CIB_Annual_Report_2006.pdf
Encyclopedia of Life, 2016. In: Encyclopedia of Life. http://www.eol.org
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Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016. In: Flora of China. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016. In: Flora of North America North of Mexico. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1
Flora of Pakistan, 2016. In: Flora of Pakistan/Pakistan Plant Database (PPD). Tropicos website.St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
García-Ulloa, J.A., Lastra, C., Salas, C., Medina Merchán, M., 2005. Studies on Colombian grasses (Poaceae): twenty chorological novelties.Caldasia, 27(1) 131-145. http://www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm
Haines, A., 2011. New England wild flower society's flora Novae Angliae: a manual for the identification of native and naturalized higher vascular plants of New England.Yale, USA: Yale University Press. 1008 pp.
Hamilton M, Clubbe C, Pollard B, 2007. An initial botanical assessment of East Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands from 2005 field data & collections. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Key Measure 2d report.Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. iii + 34 pp.
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P., Coates Palgrave, M., 2016. In: Flora of Mozambique. http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/index.php
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P., Coates Palgrave, M., 2017. In: Flora of Zimbabwe. http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/
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Jung, M.J., Cheng, C.H., 2016. Tragus berteronianus Schultes (Poaceae), a newly naturalized grass in Taiwan.Taiwan Journal of Forest Science, 31(4) 331-335. http://www.tfri.gov.tw/enu/pub_science_cat.aspx
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Published online: 16 November 2022

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José Chabert-Llompart

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