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10 August 2018

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass)

Datasheet Types: Pest, Invasive species, Host plant

Abstract

This datasheet on Eragrostis pilosa covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.
Preferred Common Name
India lovegrass
Other Scientific Names
Catabrosa verticillata (Cav.) P.Beauv.
Eragrostis afghanica Gand.
Eragrostis amurensis Prob.
Eragrostis bagdadensis Boiss.
Eragrostis baguirmiensis A.Chev.
Eragrostis collocarpa K.Schum.
Eragrostis filiformis Link
Eragrostis gracilis Schrad.
Eragrostis gracillima Hack.
Eragrostis imberbis (Franch.) Prob.
Eragrostis indica (J.Koenig ex Rottler) Willd. ex Steud.
Eragrostis jeholensis Honda
Eragrostis linkii (Kunth) Steud.
Eragrostis multispicula Kitag.
Eragrostis petersii Trin.
Eragrostis punctata (L.) Link ex Steud.
Eragrostis tenuiflora Rupr. ex Steud.
Eragrostis verticillata (Cav.) P. Beauv.,
Eragrostis verticillata (Cav.) Roem. & Schult.
Poa bohemica J.C.Mayer ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
Poa delicatior Steud.
Poa indica J.Koenig ex Rottler
Poa linkii Kunth
Poa pilosa L.
Poa pilosa L.
Poa poiretii Roem. & Schult.
Poa punctata L.f.
Poa senegalensis Desv.
Poa verticillata Cav.
International Common Names
English
hairy love grass
Jersey love-grass
small-tufted lovegrass
soft lovegrass
Spanish
barba de Indio
pasto ilusión
pasto pelillo
sereno
French
eragrostide à manchettes
éragrostide à plusieurs tiges
éragrostide poilue
pâturin poilu
Chinese
hua mei cao
Portuguese
capim-barbicha-de-Alemao
capim-orvelho
capim-peludo
Local Common Names
Brazil
barbicha de alemao
capin atana
capin panasco
Germany
behaartes Liebesgras
Haarliebesgras
vielstängliges Liebesgras
Italy
eragrostide a fusti numerosi
eragrostide pelosa
panicella pelosa
Japan
ooniwahokori
Netherlands
harig liefdegras
straatliefdegras
Norway
slørfriargras
Poland
miłka owłosiona
Saudi Arabia
heelaagoog
Turkey
kıllı yulaf
Venezuela
grama de fidoeos
EPPO code
ERAPI (Eragrostis pilosa)

Pictures

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); uprooted plant, showing typical habit. Australia. March 2013.
Plant
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); uprooted plant, showing typical habit. Australia. March 2013.
©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); flowerheads are contracted panicles at first, becoming open at maturity (8-24 cm long). Lower branches are whorled, with sparse, rigid, 1-4 mm long hairs in the axils. Spikelets are 1-1.5 mm wide, usually 6-8 flowered, flattened, unawned, with lemmas 1-2 mm long. Australia. March 2013.
Flowerheads
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); flowerheads are contracted panicles at first, becoming open at maturity (8-24 cm long). Lower branches are whorled, with sparse, rigid, 1-4 mm long hairs in the axils. Spikelets are 1-1.5 mm wide, usually 6-8 flowered, flattened, unawned, with lemmas 1-2 mm long. Australia. March 2013.
©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); flowerhead. Lower branches are whorled, with sparse, rigid, 1-4 mm long hairs in the axils. Australia. March 2013.
Flowerhead
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); flowerhead. Lower branches are whorled, with sparse, rigid, 1-4 mm long hairs in the axils. Australia. March 2013.
©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); spikelets are often tinged purplish, 1-1.5 mm wide, usually 6-8 flowered, flattened, unawned and with lemmas 1-2 mm long.. Australia. March 2013.
Spikelets
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); spikelets are often tinged purplish, 1-1.5 mm wide, usually 6-8 flowered, flattened, unawned and with lemmas 1-2 mm long. Australia. March 2013.
©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); ligule, a ciliate rim with hairs to 0.5 mm long. Australia. March 2013.
Ligule
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); ligule, a ciliate rim with hairs to 0.5 mm long. Australia. March 2013.
©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); nodes are usually purplish. Australia. March 2013.
Node
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); nodes are usually purplish. Australia. March 2013.
©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); flowerhead. Lower branches are whorled, with sparse, rigid, 1-4 mm long hairs in the axils. Australia. March 2013.
Flowerhead
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); flowerhead. Lower branches are whorled, with sparse, rigid, 1-4 mm long hairs in the axils. Australia. March 2013.
©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); stem bases are usually purplish. Australia. March 2013.
Stem base
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); stem bases are usually purplish. Australia. March 2013.
©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); habit.
Habit
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); habit.
©Luigi Rignanese-2006 - CC BY-NC 3.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); lower part of plant, showing roots.
Lower part of plant
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); lower part of plant, showing roots.
©Luigi Rignanese-2006 - CC BY-NC 3.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); habit.
Habit
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); habit.
©Luigi Rignanese-2006 - CC BY-NC 3.0
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); fruits, close-up of caryopses.
Fruits
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); fruits, close-up of caryopses.
©D. Walters & C. Southwick/CPHST/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); intact spikelet. Photographed in laboratory at CPHST, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Intact spikelet
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); intact spikelet. Photographed in laboratory at CPHST, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
©D. Walters & C. Southwick/CPHST/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US

Summary of Invasiveness

Eragrostis pilosa is an annual grass native to Eurasia and Africa that has become naturalized in many other tropical and temperate regions of the world. It is a common weed in disturbed areas such as roadsides and crop fields. It is invasive in a number of Pacific Islands, the Philippines, Australia, and North America but no further information is available about its impacts or invasiveness in natural or semi-natural habitats in its non-native range.

Taxonomic Tree

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Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Eragrostis Wolf is the largest genus in the subfamily Chloridoideae, with approximately 350 species (Clayton et al., 2018). Members of Eragrostis are generally characterized by paniculate inflorescences, multi-floreted spikelets, glabrous three-nerved lemmas and ciliate ligules. The genus is considered monophyletic but is morphologically and anatomically diverse, and exhibits a wide range of variation in many characteristics (Ingram and Doyle, 2007). Several infraspecific taxa have been described (Scholz, 1988). E. pilosa and E. aethiopica are regarded as putative ancestors of tef (t'ef), a native Ethiopian cereal crop.

Plant Type

Annual
Grass / sedge
Herbaceous
Seed propagated
Vegetatively propagated

Description

The following description is from Clayton et al. (2018):
Eragrostis pilosa is an annual; caespitose. Culms erect, or geniculately ascending; 8–70 cm long. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Leaf-blades 2–20 cm long; 1–4 mm wide. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle open; elliptic, or ovate; 4–25 cm long. Primary panicle branches whorled at lower nodes. Panicle branches eglandular; bearded in axils. Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Pedicels eglandular. Spikelets comprising 4–14 fertile florets; with diminished florets at the apex. Spikelets linear; laterally compressed; 3–7 mm long; 0.7–1.2 mm wide; breaking up at maturity; rhachilla persistent; shedding paleas or retaining paleas (in temperate regions). Glumes deciduous; dissimilar; shorter than spikelet. Lower glume ovate; 0.5–0.7 mm long; 0.5–0.7 length of upper glume; hyaline; without keels; 0 -veined. Lower glume lateral veins absent. Lower glume apex acute. Upper glume ovate; 1 mm long; 0.6–1 length of adjacent fertile lemma; hyaline; 1-keeled; 1 -veined. Upper glume lateral veins absent. Upper glume apex acute. Fertile florets appressed to rhachilla. Fertile lemma ovate; 1–1.6 mm long; membranous; keeled; 3 -veined. Lemma apex obtuse, or acute. Palea keels scaberulous. Apical sterile florets resembling fertile though underdeveloped. Anthers 3; 0.2–0.3 mm long. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp; ellipsoid; laterally compressed; plano-convex; 0.6–1 mm long.

Distribution

Eragrostis pilosa is distributed in tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World and is introduced in the New World (Clayton et al., 1974; Clayton et al., 2018). In its native range it is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa through to East Asia (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018; Flora of Pakistan) and temperate regions of Europe (Walsh, 1994). E. pilosa is mostly found in coastal countries worldwide, but not in cooler northern temperate areas. It is naturalized in North America (USDA-NRCS, 2018), Central, and South America, and in Caribbean regions (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012). It is introduced in some Pacific islands (PIER, 2018), Australia (Simon and Alfonso, 2011), New Zealand (NZPCN, 2018) and some European countries (Nobis and Nobis, 2009).
In Europe it has been reported as a weed in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine and Yugoslavia (Holm et al., 1997).

Distribution Map

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Distribution Table

This content is currently unavailable.

History of Introduction and Spread

Eragrostis pilosa has been introduced in America, Oceania and in some European countries. It was first reported in the USA in Michigan in 1924 (Reznicek et al., 2011). In Belgium it was first recorded in 1877 and is now found across the country (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018). It was first recorded in the Netherlands in 1958, and has since spread throughout the country, predominantly in the south (NDFF, 2018). It was introduced to Poland from Ukraine in 2005 and has since spread to other locations (Nobis and Nobis, 2009).

Introductions

Introduced toIntroduced fromYearReasonsIntroduced byEstablished in wild throughReferencesNotes
Natural reproductionContinuous restocking
MichiganEurope1924  YesNo 
Belgium 1877  YesNo 
Netherlands 1958  YesNo 
PolandUkraine2005  YesNo 

Risk of Introduction

Eragrostis pilosa has a moderate to high likelihood of being further introduced unintentionally outside its natural range by seed contamination via traded grain commodities (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018). Recently, in some European countries, it has been introduced by vehicles such as trains or cars (Nobis and Nobis, 2009).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Natural Dispersal

Eragrostis pilosa spreads by seeds, which can be transported by water, wind and soil. It also spreads with the movement of hay, via machinery, road and rail traffic (Holm et al., 1997; Nobis and Nobis, 2009) and possibly in car tires (NDFF, 2018).

Accidental Introduction

Eragrostis pilosa is likely to be introduced unintentionally via trade as a seed contaminant (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018).

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Hosts/Species Affected

This species is a significant weed in cotton crops (Brazil), in barley and wheat (Korea), in sugarcane (Taiwan), in dryland crops (India), in rice (India, Indonesia and Dominican Republic) and in vineyards (Ukraine) (Srivastava and Saxena, 1967; Holm et al.,1997). It is also considered a crop weed in Pakistan (Ashraf et al., 2012). E. pilosa is a host of the root lesion nematode pathogen in rice crops (Ravichandra, 2013), and promotes the rice pest Leptocorisa varicornis in rice crops (Srivastava and Saxena, 1967).

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

Growth Stages

Vegetative growing stage

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Eragrostis pilosa can be distinguished from other Eragrostis species by its lowermost inflorescence branches, which are always verticillate (vs. single), and by its periligular zone, which always bears some hairs (vs. glabrous). The inflorescence branches are long and remain erect (inflorescence long and slender) (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018). Eragrostis pilosa tends to have a more open, spreading panicle than E. pectinacea, with less persistent paleas (Reznicek et al., 2011). For information on distinguishing it from E. albensis, see Nobis and Nobis (2009). For further information on the characteristics that distinguish it from other Eragrostis species, see Walters (2011).

Habitat

This species grows in varied habitats. It grows in both waterlogged areas (India Biodiversity Portal, 2018) and in dry places. It prefers moist pastures and open, disturbed ground; it also frequently grows in roadsides and waste areas (Holm et al., 1997), and grows around rice paddies (Srivastava and Saxena, 1967). In its native range (Africa), it is found in floodplain grassland, on river sand banks and in alluvium woodland (Flora Zambesiaca, 2018). It is also commonly found as a weed in croplands and on fallow land (Clayton et al., 1974).
It is a garden weed in Bhutan (Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2018). In Australia, it is found in irrigated crops, urban areas, gardens and nurseries (Walsh, 1994; Simon and Alfonso, 2011). In the Pacific Islands, it is found in disturbed sites, on cultivated land, and along roadsides (Smith, 1979; Wagner et al., 1999). In Europe, it is considered a ruderal species, found almost exclusively in urban habitats (street, sidewalk, gutter, car parks), and along railways and roadsides (Nobis and Nobis, 2009; NDFF, 2018.)

Habitat List

CategorySub categoryHabitatPresenceStatus
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedCultivated / agricultural landSecondary/tolerated habitatHarmful (pest or invasive)
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedDisturbed areasSecondary/tolerated habitatNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedRail / roadsidesSecondary/tolerated habitatNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial – ManagedUrban / peri-urban areasSecondary/tolerated habitatNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-naturalNatural grasslandsPrincipal habitatNatural
TerrestrialTerrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-naturalWetlandsPrincipal habitatNatural

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

The majority of Eragrostis species show a range of ploidy levels (Ingram and Doyle, 2007). Thje chromosome number reported for E. pilosa varies from 2n= 20, 36, 40, 60 (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018).

Reproductive Biology

Reproduction and propagation is mainly by seeds. It can create a long-lasting soil seed bank (Li et al., 2006).

Physiology and Phenology

Flowering and fruiting is from May to August in India (India Biodiversity Portal, 2018), from July to October in Pakistan (Flora of Pakistan, 2018), and from August to November in China (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018). In Australia, it flowers and fruits all year round (Simon and Alfonso, 2011), and in the Netherlands from July to the autumn (NDFF, 2018). E. pilosa uses the C4 pathway in photosynthesis (Ingram and Doyle, 2007).

Environmental Requirements

Eragrostis pilosa is found at elevations of 300 to 2000 m in Africa (Clayton et al., 1974; Flora Zambesiaca, 2018), 1,00-1200 m. in Bhutan (Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2018), from sea level to 1700m in South America (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012), and from sea level to about 800 m in Fiji (Smith, 1979). In Australia, it is found in sandy alluvium, loams, and lateritic soils (Simon and Alfonso, 2011); in South America, in wet sandy soils (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012), in black basaltic soil and clayey soils in Africa (Clayton et al., 1974; Flora Zambesiaca, 2018) and mostly in sandy ground in the Netherlands (NDFF, 2018)

Climate

Climate typeDescriptionPreferred or toleratedRemarks
Af - Tropical rainforest climate> 60mm precipitation per monthPreferred 
Am - Tropical monsoon climateTropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25]))Preferred 
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer< 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])Preferred 
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate< 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])Preferred 
BS - Steppe climate> 430mm and < 860mm annual precipitationTolerated 
BW - Desert climate< 430mm annual precipitationTolerated 
C - Temperate/Mesothermal climateAverage temp. of coldest month > 0°C and < 18°C, mean warmest month > 10°CPreferred 
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summerWarm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summersPreferred 
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winterWarm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters)Preferred 
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all yearWarm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all yearPreferred 
Ds - Continental climate with dry summerContinental climate with dry summer (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers)Preferred 
Dw - Continental climate with dry winterContinental climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry winters)Preferred 
Df - Continental climate, wet all yearContinental climate, wet all year (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, wet all year)Preferred 

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Latitude North (°N)Latitude South (°S)Altitude lower (m)Altitude upper (m)
7555  

Rainfall Regime

Summer
Winter
Bimodal
Uniform

Soil Tolerances

Soil texture > light
Soil texture > medium
Soil drainage > seasonally waterlogged

List of Pests

This content is currently unavailable.

Notes on Natural Enemies

Eragrostis pilosa can be infested with the obligate root-hemiparasitic plant Striga hermonthica (Watling and Press, 1998).

Natural enemies

Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Striga hermonthica (witchweed)Parasite
Roots
not specific   

Impact Summary

CategoryImpact
Cultural/amenityNegative
Economic/livelihoodPositive and negative
Human healthPositive

Impact

According to Holm et al. (1997), this weed is found in more than 30 crops in over 50 countries. It is most important in Brazil (cotton), Indonesia (rice), Korea (barley and wheat), Dominican Republic (rice), Taiwan (sugarcane), India (dryland crops) and the Ukraine (vineyards).

Impact: Environmental

Eragrostis pilosa is cited as invasive in a number of Pacific Islands, the Philippines (PIER, 2018), Australia (Simon and Alfonso, 2011) and North America (PIER, 2018USDA-NRCS, 2018) but no further information is available about its impacts or invasiveness in natural or semi-natural habitats in its non-native range.

Impact: Social

Eragrostis pilosa is a grassy weed in gardens and nurseries (Walsh, 1994; Simon and Alfonso, 2011).

Risk and Impact Factors

Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Tolerant of shade
Highly mobile locally
Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
Reproduces asexually

Impact outcomes

Negatively impacts agriculture
Reduced amenity values

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant

Uses

Eragrostis pilosa is used as forage grass and fodder for animals (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018; Flora of Pakistan, 2018). Amongst other wild African grasses, E. pilosa is harvested in East Africa for its edible seed (Kunkel, 1984; USA, National Research Council, 1996). It is generally seen as a famine food, but is used regularly in some areas (Useful Tropical Plants, 2018). The seed contains around 16% protein (Burkill, 2000).

Uses List

Animal feed, fodder, forage > Fodder/animal feed
Genetic importance > Progenitor of
Medicinal, pharmaceutical > Traditional/folklore
Human food and beverage > Cereal
Animal feed, fodder, forage > Forage
Human food and beverage > Emergency (famine) food

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Mechanical control

Tillage, digging or pulling by hand before seed production are 95% effective as means of control Eragrostis spp (DiTomaso et al., 2013).

Chemical Control

Herbicides such as Clethodim, Fluazifop, Glyphosate, Imazapyr and Sethoxydim can control E. pilosa effectively (DiTomaso et al., 2013).

Links to Websites

NameURLComment
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gatewayhttps://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)http://griis.org/Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.

Bibliography

Holm LG, Doll J, Holm E, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

References

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Ashraf M, Öztürk M, Ahmad MSA, Aksoy A, 2012. Crop production for agricultural improvement. Springer Science & Business Media.
Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2018. Bhutan Biodiversity Portal. Thimphu, Bhutan: National Biodiversity Centre. https://biodiversity.bt/
Burkill, H. M., 2000. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Clayton, W. D., Phillips, S. M., Renvoize, S. A., 1974. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Gramineae (Part 2). In: Flora of Tropical East Africa. Gramineae (Part 2).London, UK: Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations.274pp.
Clayton, WD, Govaerts, R, Harman, KT, Williamson, H, Vorontsova, M, 2018. World Checklist of Poaceae. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
DiTomaso JM, Kyser GB, Oneto SR, Wilson RG, Orloff SB, Anderson LW, Ransom C, 2013. Weed control in natural areas in the western United States. USA: Weed Research and Information Center, University of California. 544 pp.
EPPO, 2018. EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database.Paris, France: EPPO. https://gd.eppo.int/
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Flora of Pakistan, 2018. Flora of Pakistan/Pakistan Plant Database (PPD). Tropicos website. In: Flora of Pakistan/Pakistan Plant Database (PPD). Tropicos website.St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan
Giraldo Cañas, D, Peterson, PM, Sánchez Vega, I, 2012. The genus Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru): morphological and taxonomic studies.Bogotá, Colombia: Biblioteca José Jerónimo Triana No. 24. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales. 194 pp.
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India Biodiversity Portal, 2018. Online Portal of India Biodiversity. In: Online Portal of India Biodiversity.http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/list
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Koch, S. D., 1974. The Eragrostis pectinacea-pilosa complex in North and Central America (Gramineae: Eragrostoideae). In: Illinois Biological Monographs, No.4875pp.
Kumar V, Malik RK, Gopal R, Gupta RK, Singh K, 2018. Weed Flora of Rice. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Rice Knowledge Bank. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/csisa/images/FactsheetsAndReferences/powerpoints/weedflora.pdf
Kunkel G, 1984. Plants for human consumption. Oberreifenberg, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.
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Liogier, H. A., Martorell, L. F., 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis., Edn 2 (revised)San Juan, Puerto Rico: La Editorial, University of Puerto Rico. 382 pp.
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NZPCN, 2018. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. In: New Zealand Plant Conservation Network.Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/
Nobis, M., Nobis, A., 2009. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) in Poland.Biodiversity: Research and Conservation, 1313-16.
PIER, 2018. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. In: Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk.Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
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Reznicek AA, Voss EG, Walters BS, 2011. Michigan Flora Online. USA: University of Michigan. https://michiganflora.net/
Scholz H, 1988. Zwei neue Taxa des Eragrostis pilosa-Komplexes (Poaceae). Willdenowia, 18217-222.
Simon, BK, Alfonso, Y, 2011. AusGrass2. In: Grasses of Australia. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. http://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/
Smith, A. C., 1979. Flora vitiensis nova.Kauai, Hawaii: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. 495 pp.
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