Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass)
Datasheet Types: Pest, Invasive species, Host plant
Abstract
This datasheet on Eragrostis pilosa covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.
- Preferred Common Name
- India lovegrass
- Other Scientific Names
- Catabrosa verticillata (Cav.) P.Beauv.
- Eragrostis afghanica Gand.
- Eragrostis amurensis Prob.
- Eragrostis bagdadensis Boiss.
- Eragrostis baguirmiensis A.Chev.
- Eragrostis collocarpa K.Schum.
- Eragrostis filiformis Link
- Eragrostis gracilis Schrad.
- Eragrostis gracillima Hack.
- Eragrostis imberbis (Franch.) Prob.
- Eragrostis indica (J.Koenig ex Rottler) Willd. ex Steud.
- Eragrostis jeholensis Honda
- Eragrostis linkii (Kunth) Steud.
- Eragrostis multispicula Kitag.
- Eragrostis petersii Trin.
- Eragrostis punctata (L.) Link ex Steud.
- Eragrostis tenuiflora Rupr. ex Steud.
- Eragrostis verticillata (Cav.) P. Beauv.,
- Eragrostis verticillata (Cav.) Roem. & Schult.
- Poa bohemica J.C.Mayer ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
- Poa delicatior Steud.
- Poa indica J.Koenig ex Rottler
- Poa linkii Kunth
- Poa pilosa L.
- Poa pilosa L.
- Poa poiretii Roem. & Schult.
- Poa punctata L.f.
- Poa senegalensis Desv.
- Poa verticillata Cav.
- International Common Names
- Englishhairy love grassJersey love-grasssmall-tufted lovegrasssoft lovegrass
- Spanishbarba de Indiopasto ilusiónpasto pelillosereno
- Frencheragrostide à manchetteséragrostide à plusieurs tigeséragrostide poiluepâturin poilu
- Chinesehua mei cao
- Portuguesecapim-barbicha-de-Alemaocapim-orvelhocapim-peludo
- Local Common Names
- Brazilbarbicha de alemaocapin atanacapin panasco
- Germanybehaartes LiebesgrasHaarliebesgrasvielstängliges Liebesgras
- Italyeragrostide a fusti numerosieragrostide pelosapanicella pelosa
- Japanooniwahokori
- Netherlandsharig liefdegrasstraatliefdegras
- Norwayslørfriargras
- Polandmiłka owłosiona
- Saudi Arabiaheelaagoog
- Turkeykıllı yulaf
- Venezuelagrama de fidoeos
- EPPO code
- ERAPI (Eragrostis pilosa)
Pictures
Summary of Invasiveness
Eragrostis pilosa is an annual grass native to Eurasia and Africa that has become naturalized in many other tropical and temperate regions of the world. It is a common weed in disturbed areas such as roadsides and crop fields. It is invasive in a number of Pacific Islands, the Philippines, Australia, and North America but no further information is available about its impacts or invasiveness in natural or semi-natural habitats in its non-native range.
Taxonomic Tree
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Eragrostis Wolf is the largest genus in the subfamily Chloridoideae, with approximately 350 species (Clayton et al., 2018). Members of Eragrostis are generally characterized by paniculate inflorescences, multi-floreted spikelets, glabrous three-nerved lemmas and ciliate ligules. The genus is considered monophyletic but is morphologically and anatomically diverse, and exhibits a wide range of variation in many characteristics (Ingram and Doyle, 2007). Several infraspecific taxa have been described (Scholz, 1988). E. pilosa and E. aethiopica are regarded as putative ancestors of tef (t'ef), a native Ethiopian cereal crop.
Plant Type
Annual
Grass / sedge
Herbaceous
Seed propagated
Vegetatively propagated
Description
The following description is from Clayton et al. (2018):
Eragrostis pilosa is an annual; caespitose. Culms erect, or geniculately ascending; 8–70 cm long. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Leaf-blades 2–20 cm long; 1–4 mm wide. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle open; elliptic, or ovate; 4–25 cm long. Primary panicle branches whorled at lower nodes. Panicle branches eglandular; bearded in axils. Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Pedicels eglandular. Spikelets comprising 4–14 fertile florets; with diminished florets at the apex. Spikelets linear; laterally compressed; 3–7 mm long; 0.7–1.2 mm wide; breaking up at maturity; rhachilla persistent; shedding paleas or retaining paleas (in temperate regions). Glumes deciduous; dissimilar; shorter than spikelet. Lower glume ovate; 0.5–0.7 mm long; 0.5–0.7 length of upper glume; hyaline; without keels; 0 -veined. Lower glume lateral veins absent. Lower glume apex acute. Upper glume ovate; 1 mm long; 0.6–1 length of adjacent fertile lemma; hyaline; 1-keeled; 1 -veined. Upper glume lateral veins absent. Upper glume apex acute. Fertile florets appressed to rhachilla. Fertile lemma ovate; 1–1.6 mm long; membranous; keeled; 3 -veined. Lemma apex obtuse, or acute. Palea keels scaberulous. Apical sterile florets resembling fertile though underdeveloped. Anthers 3; 0.2–0.3 mm long. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp; ellipsoid; laterally compressed; plano-convex; 0.6–1 mm long.
Distribution
Eragrostis pilosa is distributed in tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World and is introduced in the New World (Clayton et al., 1974; Clayton et al., 2018). In its native range it is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa through to East Asia (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018; Flora of Pakistan) and temperate regions of Europe (Walsh, 1994). E. pilosa is mostly found in coastal countries worldwide, but not in cooler northern temperate areas. It is naturalized in North America (USDA-NRCS, 2018), Central, and South America, and in Caribbean regions (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012). It is introduced in some Pacific islands (PIER, 2018), Australia (Simon and Alfonso, 2011), New Zealand (NZPCN, 2018) and some European countries (Nobis and Nobis, 2009).
In Europe it has been reported as a weed in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine and Yugoslavia (Holm et al., 1997).
Distribution Map
Distribution Table
History of Introduction and Spread
Eragrostis pilosa has been introduced in America, Oceania and in some European countries. It was first reported in the USA in Michigan in 1924 (Reznicek et al., 2011). In Belgium it was first recorded in 1877 and is now found across the country (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018). It was first recorded in the Netherlands in 1958, and has since spread throughout the country, predominantly in the south (NDFF, 2018). It was introduced to Poland from Ukraine in 2005 and has since spread to other locations (Nobis and Nobis, 2009).
Introductions
Introduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reasons | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
Michigan | Europe | 1924 | Yes | No | ||||
Belgium | 1877 | Yes | No | |||||
Netherlands | 1958 | Yes | No | |||||
Poland | Ukraine | 2005 | Yes | No |
Risk of Introduction
Eragrostis pilosa has a moderate to high likelihood of being further introduced unintentionally outside its natural range by seed contamination via traded grain commodities (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018). Recently, in some European countries, it has been introduced by vehicles such as trains or cars (Nobis and Nobis, 2009).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Natural Dispersal
Eragrostis pilosa spreads by seeds, which can be transported by water, wind and soil. It also spreads with the movement of hay, via machinery, road and rail traffic (Holm et al., 1997; Nobis and Nobis, 2009) and possibly in car tires (NDFF, 2018).
Accidental Introduction
Eragrostis pilosa is likely to be introduced unintentionally via trade as a seed contaminant (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018).
Pathway Causes
Pathway cause | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disturbance (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
Escape from confinement or garden escape (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
Garden waste disposal (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
Seed trade (pathway cause) | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
Pathway vector | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities (pathway vector) | Yes | |||
Machinery and equipment (pathway vector) | Seed | Yes | ||
Plants or parts of plants (pathway vector) | Seed | Yes | ||
Land vehicles (pathway vector) | Seed | Yes | ||
Water (pathway vector) | Seed | Yes | ||
Wind (pathway vector) | Seed | Yes |
Hosts/Species Affected
This species is a significant weed in cotton crops (Brazil), in barley and wheat (Korea), in sugarcane (Taiwan), in dryland crops (India), in rice (India, Indonesia and Dominican Republic) and in vineyards (Ukraine) (Srivastava and Saxena, 1967; Holm et al.,1997). It is also considered a crop weed in Pakistan (Ashraf et al., 2012). E. pilosa is a host of the root lesion nematode pathogen in rice crops (Ravichandra, 2013), and promotes the rice pest Leptocorisa varicornis in rice crops (Srivastava and Saxena, 1967).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Host | Family | Host status | References |
---|---|---|---|
Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton) | Malvaceae | Other | |
Hordeum vulgare (barley) | Poaceae | Other | |
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Main | |
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) | Poaceae | Other | |
Triticum aestivum (wheat) | Poaceae | Other |
Growth Stages
Vegetative growing stage
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Eragrostis pilosa can be distinguished from other Eragrostis species by its lowermost inflorescence branches, which are always verticillate (vs. single), and by its periligular zone, which always bears some hairs (vs. glabrous). The inflorescence branches are long and remain erect (inflorescence long and slender) (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018). Eragrostis pilosa tends to have a more open, spreading panicle than E. pectinacea, with less persistent paleas (Reznicek et al., 2011). For information on distinguishing it from E. albensis, see Nobis and Nobis (2009). For further information on the characteristics that distinguish it from other Eragrostis species, see Walters (2011).
Habitat
This species grows in varied habitats. It grows in both waterlogged areas (India Biodiversity Portal, 2018) and in dry places. It prefers moist pastures and open, disturbed ground; it also frequently grows in roadsides and waste areas (Holm et al., 1997), and grows around rice paddies (Srivastava and Saxena, 1967). In its native range (Africa), it is found in floodplain grassland, on river sand banks and in alluvium woodland (Flora Zambesiaca, 2018). It is also commonly found as a weed in croplands and on fallow land (Clayton et al., 1974).
It is a garden weed in Bhutan (Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2018). In Australia, it is found in irrigated crops, urban areas, gardens and nurseries (Walsh, 1994; Simon and Alfonso, 2011). In the Pacific Islands, it is found in disturbed sites, on cultivated land, and along roadsides (Smith, 1979; Wagner et al., 1999). In Europe, it is considered a ruderal species, found almost exclusively in urban habitats (street, sidewalk, gutter, car parks), and along railways and roadsides (Nobis and Nobis, 2009; NDFF, 2018.)
Habitat List
Category | Sub category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Disturbed areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Rail / roadsides | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Principal habitat | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Genetics
The majority of Eragrostis species show a range of ploidy levels (Ingram and Doyle, 2007). Thje chromosome number reported for E. pilosa varies from 2n= 20, 36, 40, 60 (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018).
Reproductive Biology
Reproduction and propagation is mainly by seeds. It can create a long-lasting soil seed bank (Li et al., 2006).
Physiology and Phenology
Flowering and fruiting is from May to August in India (India Biodiversity Portal, 2018), from July to October in Pakistan (Flora of Pakistan, 2018), and from August to November in China (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018). In Australia, it flowers and fruits all year round (Simon and Alfonso, 2011), and in the Netherlands from July to the autumn (NDFF, 2018). E. pilosa uses the C4 pathway in photosynthesis (Ingram and Doyle, 2007).
Environmental Requirements
Eragrostis pilosa is found at elevations of 300 to 2000 m in Africa (Clayton et al., 1974; Flora Zambesiaca, 2018), 1,00-1200 m. in Bhutan (Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2018), from sea level to 1700m in South America (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012), and from sea level to about 800 m in Fiji (Smith, 1979). In Australia, it is found in sandy alluvium, loams, and lateritic soils (Simon and Alfonso, 2011); in South America, in wet sandy soils (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012), in black basaltic soil and clayey soils in Africa (Clayton et al., 1974; Flora Zambesiaca, 2018) and mostly in sandy ground in the Netherlands (NDFF, 2018)
Climate
Climate type | Description | Preferred or tolerated | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | > 60mm precipitation per month | Preferred | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | Preferred | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | Preferred | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | Preferred | |
BS - Steppe climate | > 430mm and < 860mm annual precipitation | Tolerated | |
BW - Desert climate | < 430mm annual precipitation | Tolerated | |
C - Temperate/Mesothermal climate | Average temp. of coldest month > 0°C and < 18°C, mean warmest month > 10°C | Preferred | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | Preferred | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | Preferred | |
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | Preferred | |
Ds - Continental climate with dry summer | Continental climate with dry summer (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers) | Preferred | |
Dw - Continental climate with dry winter | Continental climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry winters) | Preferred | |
Df - Continental climate, wet all year | Continental climate, wet all year (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, wet all year) | Preferred |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Latitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude lower (m) | Altitude upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
75 | 55 |
Rainfall Regime
Summer
Winter
Bimodal
Uniform
Soil Tolerances
Soil texture > light
Soil texture > medium
Soil drainage > seasonally waterlogged
List of Pests
Notes on Natural Enemies
Eragrostis pilosa can be infested with the obligate root-hemiparasitic plant Striga hermonthica (Watling and Press, 1998).
Natural enemies
Natural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Striga hermonthica (witchweed) | Parasite | Roots | not specific |
Impact Summary
Category | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Negative |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Human health | Positive |
Impact
According to Holm et al. (1997), this weed is found in more than 30 crops in over 50 countries. It is most important in Brazil (cotton), Indonesia (rice), Korea (barley and wheat), Dominican Republic (rice), Taiwan (sugarcane), India (dryland crops) and the Ukraine (vineyards).
Impact: Environmental
Eragrostis pilosa is cited as invasive in a number of Pacific Islands, the Philippines (PIER, 2018), Australia (Simon and Alfonso, 2011) and North America (PIER, 2018; USDA-NRCS, 2018) but no further information is available about its impacts or invasiveness in natural or semi-natural habitats in its non-native range.
Impact: Social
Eragrostis pilosa is a grassy weed in gardens and nurseries (Walsh, 1994; Simon and Alfonso, 2011).
Risk and Impact Factors
Invasiveness
Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Tolerant of shade
Highly mobile locally
Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
Reproduces asexually
Impact outcomes
Negatively impacts agriculture
Reduced amenity values
Likelihood of entry/control
Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
Uses
Eragrostis pilosa is used as forage grass and fodder for animals (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018; Flora of Pakistan, 2018). Amongst other wild African grasses, E. pilosa is harvested in East Africa for its edible seed (Kunkel, 1984; USA, National Research Council, 1996). It is generally seen as a famine food, but is used regularly in some areas (Useful Tropical Plants, 2018). The seed contains around 16% protein (Burkill, 2000).
Uses List
Animal feed, fodder, forage > Fodder/animal feed
Genetic importance > Progenitor of
Medicinal, pharmaceutical > Traditional/folklore
Human food and beverage > Cereal
Animal feed, fodder, forage > Forage
Human food and beverage > Emergency (famine) food
Prevention and Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Mechanical control
Tillage, digging or pulling by hand before seed production are 95% effective as means of control Eragrostis spp (DiTomaso et al., 2013).
Chemical Control
Herbicides such as Clethodim, Fluazifop, Glyphosate, Imazapyr and Sethoxydim can control E. pilosa effectively (DiTomaso et al., 2013).
Links to Websites
Name | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Bibliography
Holm LG, Doll J, Holm E, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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