Bassia hyssopifolia (fivehook bassia)
Datasheet Types: Invasive species, Host plant
Abstract
This datasheet on Bassia hyssopifolia covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze
- Preferred Common Name
- fivehook bassia
- Other Scientific Names
- Bassia hyssopifolia subsp. reuteriana (Boiss.) O.Bolòs & Font Quer
- Bassia reuteriana (Boiss.) Gurke.
- Chenopodium augustanum Moq.
- Chenopodium lanuginosum Moench
- Chenopodium villosum Lam.
- Echinopsilon hyssopifolium (Pall.) Moq.
- Kochia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Schrad.
- Salsola hyssopifolia Pall.
- Suaeda hyssopifolia (Pall.) Pall.
- Suaeda hyssopifolia (Pall.) Pall.
- International Common Names
- Englishfive horn bassiafive-hooked brassiafivehorn smotherweedhyssop bassiathorn orache
- Spanishfalsa morenita
- Chinesegou ci wu bing li
- Local Common Names
- Estonialisop-puhmikmalts
- Germanyysop-Radmelde
- Italygranata irsuta
- Lithuaniasiauralape basija
Pictures
Habit
Bassia hyssopifolia (fivehook bassia); habit. Kakahaia, Molokai, Hawaii, USA. May 2005.
©Forest & Kim Starr-2005 - CC BY 3.0
Habit
Bassia hyssopifolia (fivehook bassia); habit. Kanaha Beach, Maui, Hawaii, USA. January 2002.
©Forest & Kim Starr-2002 - CC BY 3.0
Habit
Bassia hyssopifolia (fivehook bassia); habit, showing leaves. Kanaha Beach, Maui, Hawaii, USA. January 2002.
©Forest & Kim Starr-2002 - CC BY 3.0
Seedling
Bassia hyssopifolia (fivehook bassia); seedling. Kawela Bridge, Molokai, Hawaii, USA. April 2012.
©Forest & Kim Starr-2012 - CC BY 3.0
Summary of Invasiveness
B. hyssopifolia is an annual herb mostly found in arid and semi-arid habitats. It is native to Eurasia but has been introduced to North America, South America, Hawaii, Australia and parts of Europe. The species can become dominant on alkaline soils where there is little competition from other plant species. It is especially problematic in the southwestern USA, where it is toxic to some livestock, and is readily dispersed as the hooks on ripened fruit attach to animal fur, and it has proven to be a threat to some endangered plant and animal species in the USA.
Taxonomic Tree
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Bassia hyssopifolia was described by Pallas in 1771 as Salsola hyssopifolia. The type specimen was from the Ural River (Russia). It was transferred to the genus Bassia in 1891 by Kuntze. This combination was also made in 1893 by Volkart, but is illegitimate because of Kuntze’s earlier combination (Collins and Blackwell Jr, 1979). Bassia reuteriana is treated as conspecific with B. hyssopifolia by Kadereit and Freitag (2011).
The genus Bassia is a member of the tribe Camphorosmeae within the Chenopodiaceae (Kadereit and Freitag, 2011). The genus has about 21 species (Judd and Ferguson, 1999). The similar genus Kochia has been treated as a member of Bassia by some authors, e.g. Scott (1978) and Kadereit and Freitag (2011).
Many synonyms exist for B. hyssopifolia, including B. hyssopifolia subsp. reuteriana and Chenopodium and Suaeda species (The Plant List, 2013).
Plant Type
Annual
Herbaceous
Seed propagated
Vegetatively propagated
Description
The following has been adapted from Flora of China Editorial Committee (2016) and Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016).
Annual herb to 1 m. Stems divaricately branched or simple, densely lanate-villous, especially when young. Leaves villous; sessile; blade lanceolate-elliptic, oblanceolate, to linear, flat; base cuneate, apex acute or obtuse; 0.8-2.5 cm × 1-3 mm. Inflorescences a dense spike. Flowers in 203 flowered glomerules. Perianth 5-lobed, reflexed, with a hooked spine adaxially at maturity.
Distribution
The native range of B. hyssopifolia includes Ukraine, the Transcaucasus and Syria, western and southern Russia, and east to Mongolia and northwestern China (Gudžinskas and Sukhorukov, 2004; Euro+Med, 2016; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016).
The introduced range of B. hyssopifolia includes North America, South America, Hawaii, Australia, and parts of Europe. In North America it has been found in western Canada and in 19 US states, mainly in the west, and Mexico. It also occurs in Hawaii on Maui and Molokai. In South America it is known from Argentina. In Australia it is restricted to New South Wales and Victoria (AVH, 2016). B. hyssopifolia has spread westward in Europe from its natural range. It has been found in at least eight countries, including Spain, France, Italy, Greece (on Crete), Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, and Estonia. It has also been introduced to the Canary Islands. It has been reported from northern Africa but documentation of this has not been seen.
Distribution Map
Distribution Table
History of Introduction and Spread
B. hyssopifolia was introduced to North America in the early 1900s. The earliest specimens are from Nevada where it was found in 1917 (Blake, 1922; Collins and Blackwell Jr, 1979). It was hypothesized by Collins and Blackwell Jr. (1979) to have been introduced to Nevada rangelands as a seed contaminant from Eurasia. It may have been introduced with Turkistan alfalfa seed (Holzner and Numata, 2013). Sauer (1988) speculates further that it may have been introduced to California indirectly as a contaminant in alfalfa seed from Argentina. It subsequently spread to most of the western states by 1959. In the eastern USA the first population was found in Massachusetts in the 1930s (Collins and Blackwell Jr, 1979). One colony found in 1937 in Massachusetts was associated with waste from a wool combing facility (Bean, 1937). It has recently been found in Mexico, collected in Baja California Sur in 2005 (FNM, 2016).
B. hyssopifolia was found on the island of Maui in Hawaii in 1983 (Wester, 1992) and the island of Molokai by 2002 (Wagner et al., 2012). In Australia the first record is from 1951 at Red Cliffs, Victoria (AVH, 2016). The species has also been introduced to Argentina and Chile (Anton and Zuloaga, 2016) but the introduction date is unknown.
B. hyssopifolia has spread westward in Europe from its natural range. It has been found in at least eight countries, including Spain, France, Italy, Greece (on Crete), Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, and Estonia. The date range of this expansion is uncertain, but it is continuing. The species was found in Greece on Crete in 1999 (Greuter and Raus, 2001).
Introductions
| Introduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reasons | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
| Argentina | Yes | No | ||||||
| Australia | 1951 | Yes | No | |||||
| Canada | Yes | No | Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016) | |||||
| Canary Islands | No | No | ||||||
| Chile | Yes | No | ||||||
| Estonia | No | No | ||||||
| France | No | No | ||||||
| Greece | 1999 | No | No | |||||
| Italy | No | No | ||||||
| Lithuania | by 1965 | Yes | No | |||||
| Poland | No | No | ||||||
| Spain | No | No | ||||||
| Sweden | No | No | ||||||
| USA | 1915 | Yes | No | Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016) | ||||
Risk of Introduction
There is a high risk of dispersal as a contaminant of seed and wool and as a hitchhiker on livestock.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Natural Dispersal
Kelley and Bruns (1975) found that 42% of seeds collected in irrigation ditches germinated, indicating that water may play a role in dispersal.
Vector Transmission
B. hyssopifolia is adapted to animal dispersal. The sepals persist around ripened fruit and are hooked. These hooks attach to the fur of wildlife and livestock, and to clothing (Collins and Blackwell Jr, 1979; Judd and Ferguson, 1999).
Accidental Introduction
B. hyssopifolia has been transported outside of its natural range by at least two vectors. Populations in the southwestern USA are thought to have been introduced with contaminated seed, possibly alfalfa (Sauer, 1988; Holzner and Numata, 2013). In the northeastern USA at least one early population was associated with wool combing waste (Bean, 1937).
Pathway Causes
| Pathway cause | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal production (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes | ||
| Disturbance (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
| Flooding and other natural disasters (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
| Harvesting fur, wool or hair (pathway cause) | Yes | |||
| Hitchhiker (pathway cause) | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
| Pathway vector | Notes | Long distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Livestock (pathway vector) | Yes | Yes |
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
B. hyssopifolia is similar to the closely related Bassia scoparia. However, this latter species lacks the spine-tipped sepals of B. hyssopifolia. The species is also similar to Salsola iberica, which differs in having spine-tipped leaves (Hoshovsky, 2003).
Habitat
B. hyssopifolia is most commonly a species of dry, alkaline or saline soils, particularly in disturbed areas such as roadsides and fields. It may also occupy solonchaks, dunes, salt flats, and riparian zones (Komarov et al., 1970; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016). In California, it now occurs as part of the spiny salt bush association (Holzner and Numata, 2013) and in riparian areas in the Sonoran desert in the southwestern USA (Van Devender et al., 1997). Mata-González et al. (2012) found a negative correlation with perennial cover, indicating that it favours sites with low diversity, occupying habitats with little competition.
Habitat List
| Category | Sub category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial – Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Deserts | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Arid regions | Present, no further details | |
| Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | ||
| Littoral | Coastal dunes | Present, no further details | ||
| Littoral | Salt marshes | Present, no further details |
Biology and Ecology
Genetics
B. hyssopifolia has a chromosome number of 2n=18 (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016). Kadereit and Freitag (2011) and Akhani and Khoshravesh (2013) found B. hyssopifolia to be in a clade with Bassia scoparia, Bassia indica and Bassia angustifolia.
Reproductive Biology
B. hyssopifolia is probably partly insect pollinated and also wind pollinated. The coloured anthers may attract insects (Judd and Ferguson, 1999).
Physiology and Phenology
This species flowers from late summer through fall (Komarov et al., 1970; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016).
Longevity
B. hyssopifolia is an annual (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016).
Environmental Requirements
Bruns (1965) found that seeds do not survive in water for extended periods.
Climate
| Climate type | Description | Preferred or tolerated | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| BW - Desert climate | < 430mm annual precipitation | Tolerated | |
| Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | Preferred | |
| Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | Preferred |
Soil Tolerances
Soil texture > light
Soil texture > medium
Soil reaction > neutral
Soil reaction > alkaline
Soil drainage > free
Special soil tolerances > saline
Special soil tolerances > sodic
Special soil tolerances > infertile
List of Pests
Notes on Natural Enemies
Few natural enemies have been reported for B. hyssopifolia. The leafhopper Lygus lineolaris has been documented on the species in Arizona and California (Young, 1986). In tests for biocontrol agents for Salsola tragusCristofaro et al. (2013) found that the weevil Cosmobaris scolopacea will feed on B. hyssopifolia to a minor extent. Smith et al. (2009) in a test for biocontrol of Salsola species found that the eriophyid mite Aceria salsolae had a very low preference for B. hyssopifolia. A. salsolae has also been documented on B. hyssopifolia in Iran (Xue et al., 2013). Three gall-making flies in the family Cecidomyiidae have been found on B. hyssopifolia in Turkmenistan: Halodiplosis bassiae, Izeniola bassiae, and Stefaniola bassiagemmae (Gagné and Jaschhof, 2010). B. hyssopifolia is also a host for Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (Wintermantel et al., 2009).
Natural enemies
| Natural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aceria salsolae | Herbivore | not specific | N | |||
| Cosmobaris scolopacea | Herbivore | not specific | N | |||
| Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus | Pathogen | not specific | N | |||
| Halodiplosis bassiae | Herbivore | not specific | N | |||
| Lygus lineolaris (tarnished plant bug) | Herbivore | not specific | N |
Impact Summary
| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Economic/livelihood | Negative |
| Environment (generally) | Negative |
Impact: Economic
There has been little published about the economic impacts of B. hysspoifolia invasions. James et al. (1976) found that the species is toxic to sheep. It is not eaten by livestock in its native range (Komarov et al., 1970). Invasions may reduce quality of rangelands, particularly in the southwestern USA.
Impact: Environmental
Impact on Habitats
While many populations occur in disturbed soils, B. hyssopifolia is also an invader of undisturbed habitats, including salt flats and riparian areas. It is one of the most serious exotic plant introductions in the Sonoran desert area (Van Devender et al., 1997), and because it can invade areas that are sparsely vegetated it can dramatically change habitat structure.
Impact on Biodiversity
Its ability to dramatically change habitat structure means that it is a threat to native plant and animal species, including endangered species. In central California (USA), the species can invade habitats, including barren disturbed land that are habitat for the San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica). When B. hyssopifolia invades it changes habitat structure that increases predation of the fox by coyotes (USFWS, 2010). B. hyssopifolia is also a threat to the narrow endemic Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata (USFWS, 2011). This perennial herb is endemic to Nye County, Nevada (USA), so the threat posed by Bassia and other invasive species is acute.
Threatened Species
| Threatened species | Where threatened | Mechanisms | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata (Ash Meadows sunray) | USA California Nevada | Competition - monopolizing resources Competition - shading Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | ||
| Vulpes macrotis mutica (San Joaquin kit fox) | USA California | Competition - monopolizing resources Competition - shading Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | ||
| Grindelia fraxinipratensis (ash meadows gumplant) | California Nevada | Competition - monopolizing resources | ||
| Zeltnera namophila (spring-loving centaury) | California Nevada | Competition - monopolizing resources |
Impact: Social
The pollen of this species may be an allergen (Judd and Ferguson, 1999).
Risk and Impact Factors
Invasiveness
Invasive in its native range
Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Impact outcomes
Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
Modification of successional patterns
Monoculture formation
Negatively impacts agriculture
Negatively impacts animal health
Reduced native biodiversity
Threat to/ loss of endangered species
Threat to/ loss of native species
Damages animal/plant products
Impact mechanisms
Competition - monopolizing resources
Competition - shading
Produces spines, thorns or burrs
Likelihood of entry/control
Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
Difficult/costly to control
Prevention and Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Physical/Mechanical Control
B. hyssopifolia plants can be hand pulled, especially when soil is moist, or by hand hoeing. This is most effective with smaller colonies. Larger colonies may be controlled with mowers or string trimmers (Hoshovsky, 2003; DiTomaso, 2013).
Biological Control
There is no biological control for B. hyssopifolia (DiTomaso, 2013).
Chemical Control
B. hyssopifolia can be treated with a wide range of herbicides. While little data is available specifically for this species, managers should follow published recommendations for the similar Bassia scoparia. Herbicides that are recommended include dicamba, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, chlorosulfuron, imazapic, imazapyr, and metsulfuron (DiTomaso, 2013).
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